Exam Study Guide Flashcards
Its the study of internal and external structures of organisms and the relationship of its parts -
Anatomy
Is the study of the functions of organisms and parts -
Physiology
Negative feedback loops opposes change to ……
Return to normal
Negative or Posiitive feedback loop ?
Increasing breathing to replace oxygen
Negative
Positive feedback loop …….. amplifies change to …….
Temporarily
Return to normal
An example of a positive feedback loop is …..
Child birth
Positive and negative loops both ….
Bring back to normal
Negative and positive feedback loops have ……
3 basic components
Heart in reference to the mouth -
Inferior - lateral -deep
Kidney in reference to the urinary bladder -
Superior - posterior - lateral
Axillary -
On armpit
Brachial -
On arm
Femoral -
On thigh
Gluteal -
On trunk
Patellar -
On knee
Popliteal -
Behind the knee
Thoracic -
On the chest
Another name for posterior -
Dorsal
Another name for anterior -
Ventral
To the front -
Anterior
To the back -
Posterior
To the side -
Lateral
To the fingers -
Distal
To the shoulder -
Proximal
3 basic components of feedback loops -
Sensor
Control
Effectors
It detects change in specific element and signals control -
Sensor
It sends signals to the effectors (integrator) -
Control
It responds to integrator -
Effectors
Which feedback loop is most common in the human body -
Negative feedback loop
Anatomical position -
Standing arms at side, palms forward
Supine position -
Patient is on back
Prone position -
Patient is on tummy
S
R L
I
Label -
Superior
Right. Left
Inferior
Bilateral symmetry -
Right & left sides are mirror images
Ipsilateral -
Same side
Contralateral -
Opposite side
Deep -
Away from surface
Where is the spleen in reference to the stomach -
Posterior
Where is the shoulder blade in reference to the urinary bladder -
Superior, lateral, posterior
Sagittal -
Gives Right and LEft sides
Midsaggital -
Gives equal halves
Frontal -
Gives front and back
Transverse. -
Gives up and down
4 planes and secs. -
Sagittal
Midsaggital
Frontal
Transverse
Appendicular region -
Arms and legs
Axial region -
Head, neck, torso
Axial region contain two major cavities -
Ventral, dorsal
What are the two major cavities -
Ventral
Dorsal
2 parts of the ventral cavities -
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic
Means chest ; lungs -
Thoracic cavity
A muscle that seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity -
Diaphragm
2 types in the dorsal cavity -
Cranial
Spinal
Liver
Gallbladder
Right kidney
Part of large intestine
Are all in which quadrant?
RUQ
Appendix,
right ovary
Right ureter
Are all in which quadrant?
RLQ
Stomach Spleen Pancreas Left kidney Part of large intestine
Are all in which quadrant?
LUQ
Left ovary
Left ureter
Are all in which quadrant?
LLQ
Its the sum total of an organisms chemical reactions, including ones that build and ones that break down -
Metabolism
-used to make body structures, larger molecules
Dehydration synthesis
Basically, water is eliminated (…….) each time we join atoms together (……)
Dehydration
Synthesis
Building reactions =
Dehydration synthesis
Breaking down reactions -
Hydrolysis
- used to break down molecules into usable molecules
- frequently enzymes are needed
Hydrolysis
Dehydration of hydrolysis?
A and B come from the digestion in your food. Enzymes are used to bind them together.
AB
Dehydration
Hydrolysis or dehydration?
When you digest, you must break molecules down into sizes that can be absorbed -
Hydrolysis
Metabolism speed:
Fast -
Effiecent chemistry
Burn calories
MEtabolism speed:
Slow -
Inefficient chemistry
Store calories instead burning them (putting on weight)
Substance in which other substances dissolve water -
Solvent
Substacne that is dissolves -
Solute
function of phospholipids -
Phospholipid bilayer cell membrane
Structure of phospholipids -
Hydrophobic & hydrophilic
Means water fearing -
Hydrophobic
Means water liking -
Hydrophilic
Means no double bonds in fat acid chain -
Saturated fats
Means contains one or more double bonds in FA chain -
Unsaturated fat
Sources of saturated fats -
Animal fat
Sources of unsaturated fats -
Vegetable oils
At room temp. Saturated fats are ….
Solids
At room temp. Unsaturated fats are …
Liquids
Types of fats -
Triglycerides
Saturated
Unsaturated
Glycerol + 3fatty acid chains -
Triglycerides
Function of triglycerides -
Store energy
Insulate & padding
Molecules spread from an area of high concetration to an area of low concentration -
Simple diffusion
a high to low concentration, but a helper protein must be used -
Facilitated diffusion
Process where diffusion of water across a semi permeable membrane -
Osmosis
Simple diffusion follows …..
Concentration gradient
Facilitated diffusion is against …..
Concentration gradient
Osmosis follows ….
Concentration gradient
This solution has the same amount of dissolved, stuff surrounds -
Isotonic
This solution has more stuff dissolves, surrounds the cell -
Hypertonic
This solution has less stuff dissolved, surrounds cell -
Hypotonic
What happens to the cell in this solution -
Isotonic -
The cell stays the same
What happens to the cell in this solution -
Hypertonic-
Cell shrinks
What happens to the cell in this solution -
Hypotonic -
The cell sweells, may burst too
Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
Isotonic, Hypertonic, Hypotonic
Passive transport
Endocytosis, Exocytosis -
Active Transport
How cells bring large molecules & particles into itself.
- plasma membrane curves in toward the cell
- pinches off forming a vessicle bringing fluids/particles -
Endocytosis
Examples of endocytosis -
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Endocytosis follows …..
Concentration gradient
Hoe cells push particles out of itself.
- large particles leave the cell
- vessicle forms which fuses plasma membrane & releases stuff
Exocytosis
Exocytosis is against …..
Concentration gradient
They resemble the tissue they came from
- grow very slow
- do not spread
- usually not life threatening
Benign
They do not resemble parent tissue
- have irregular structures
- another word for cancer
- they break through basement membranes
- grow quickly
- tend to spread
Maliganant
Its abnormal growths of cells that can be benign or malignant
-a disease of the cell cycle where cells divide in excess
Tumor
Streaming leads to tumors beyond the original site. This is called….
Metastasis
Its where secrete chemical signal that causes blood vessels to grow to tumor -
Angiogenesis
Normal cells exhibit this where they stop growing when they come in contact w/ another cell -
Contact inhibition
function of membrane proteins -
Serve as well-guarded gateway which allows certain things in and out
3 cell connectors -
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
Tight junctions
They are “spot welds” that hold adjacent cells together -
Found in skin
Desmosomes
They are channels of adjacent plasma membranes adhere here
-found in the heart
Gap junctions
Where plasma membrane proteins fuse w/ similar proteins in neighboring cells forming an impermeable tight sheet
Found in intestines -
Tight junctions
Epithelial tissue function-
it covers the body
- lines various parts
- glands secrete substances
Characeristices of epithelial tissues -
- Cells tightly packed together
- contain no blood vessels
- reproduce constantly (prone to cancer)
4 types of cells -
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Pseudostratified columnar
They are big, flat slippery cells
-look like fried eggs
Squamous
They are shaped like a box or cube
- has lots of cytoplasm
- they make stuff
Cuboidal
They are tall like a column or pillar
- lots of surface area
- absorbs
Columnar
They are oddly shaped columnar -
Pseudostratified columnar
Most numerous and diverse group
Connective tissue
Function of connective tissue -
- connects other tissues and organs/forms supporting framework
- transport substances/defends against germs
Characteristics of connective titssues -
Cells widely spaced
Has a matrix between cells
Contains collagen /elastic
White bundles of protein which area tough and strong-
Collagen
Bundles of protein which are strectchy -
Elastic
Stuff between the cells
Matrix
The matrix of the Loose Areolar -
Clear, sticky hyaluronic acid
The matrix of the Bone or Osseous Tissue -
Calcium minerals
The matrix of Cartilage -
Gristle matrix w/ collagen fibers
Its one layer of flat slipper cells
-found: lining of blood vessels, alveoli of lungs
Simple squamous epithelial tissue
Many layer of flat cells
- they make your cheeks feel smooth&slippery inside mouth
- found: lining inside mouth,vagina, esophagus, surface of skin
Stratified squamous epithelial tissue
“False layers”
- it looks like more than one layer b/c the nuclei of the cells dont line up
- is a cross section of a trachea
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue
They usually make up glands -
- cross section of a gland
- these cells are secreting some fluid into the center
Simple cubodial epithelial tissue
One layer of tall cells
- for absorption
- found: lining the inner surface of the stomach and intestines
Simple columnar epithelial tissue
Cells freeze and die b/c the cytoplasm expands when frozen and breaks cell membranes -
Frostbite
Where the body core drops below 90 degrees unconsciousness and death can result if not warmed soon -
Hypothermia
Where body core gets over 105 degrees and cells die -
Heat stroke
Its typically a sunburn
- mild discomfort
- some reddening
First-degree burn
Its a burn deep epidermal and upper dermis
- PAIN, blisters
- damage to sweat gland, hair, sebaceous glands
Second degree burns
Its the destruction of epidermis and dermis
- may involve muscle bone
- no pain bc of nerve death -
Third-degree burn
Three types of skin cancer -
Squamous cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma
Its red, scaly patch nodule
- most curable
- slow growing
Squamous cell carcinoma
Its bleeding, crusty patch which refuses to heal -
Basal cell carcinoma
2 reasons why malignant melanoma is so deadly -
Metastasizes quickly
3 types of glands -
Sweat
Sebaceous
Ceruminous
Sweat glands that are numerous and widely distributed over the body -
Eccrine sweat glands
This sweat gland is found in the armpits and around the genitals
Apocrine
They are known as oil glands
- produce sebum which lubricates hair and skin
- prevents from skin drying/cracking
Sebaceous glands
Gland found in the ear
- produce cerulean
- protects skin of ear canal from dehydration
Ceruminous glands
Free nerve endings -
Pain
Meissners corpuscle -
Light touch
Krause end bulbs -
Cold
Ruffinis corpuscles -
Heat
Pacinian corpuscles -
Pressure
Root hair plexus -
Tugged on hair
Its the bone building cell (stores calcium; becomes an osteocyte) -
Osteoblast
Its the bone absorbing cells (breaking down bone & release calcium into blood vessels) -
Osteoclasts
Its a mature bone cell -
Osteocyte
This process is used in most bones
- Cartilage is laid down but covered by fiborous periosteum
- Collar of bone appears
- blood vessels invade cartilage - osteoblasts deposit calcium
- Secondary ossification centers form at each epiphysis
- Until growth is done, the epiphysial plate remains between the epiphysis & diaphysis
Endochondrial ossification
Structure of compact bone -
Dense, hard outer layer; for strength
Means immovable
Ex. Sutures of skull -
Synarthroses
Means slightly moveable
Ex. Symphysis pubs, vertebrae bodies
Amphirarthroses
Means freely moveable (structure= synovial)
Ex. Shoulder , hip
Diarthroses
-most common form of arthritis
The articulate cartilage deteriorates so no more shock absorber, and theres no cure.
-pain, tenderness, swelling
Osteoarthritis
What causes osteoarthritis -
Combination of age, overweight, injury, heredity, muscle weakness
Its the destruction of synovial membrane
- more common in women
- joint pain and swelling / red & puffy hands
- symtoms come and go
Rheumatoid arthritis
Is there a cure for rheumatoid arthritis? -
No
What’s the cause of rheumatoid arthritis -
May be genetic, smoking, virus
Its the loss of calcified matrix causing a reduction in total bone mass -
Osteoporosis
Who are typically affected by osteoporosis -
Older women
Why are older women more likely to get osteoporosis?
Liked to decreasing amounts of estrogen as ppl age
Treatment of osteoporosis -
Involves hormone replacement therapy , increase calcium and VD
4 types of joint movements -
Angular
Circular
Gliding
Special
They change angle between bones -
Angular movements
Decrease angle (bend) -
Flexion
Joint type ex of flexion movement -
Hinge, ball& socket
Increase angle (straighten) -
Extension
Extend beyond anatomical position -
Hyperextension
Move part away from median plane -
Abduction
Joint type example of abduction movement -
Ball and socket
Move part toward median plane -
Adduction
Result in arc-like rotation of a structure around an axis -
Circular movement
Pivoting bone on axis -
Rotation
Example of rotation movement -
Ball & socket, pivot
Distal end of a bone moves in a circular path while the proximal end remains stable (arm circles)
Circumduction
Rotation hand w palms ending downward
Pronation
Example pronation movement -
Pivot
Rotating hand w palm ending upward -
Supination
Example of supination movement -
Pivot
The simplest movements of all movements
-made by flat surfaces
-
Gliding movements
Example of gliding movements -
Posterior vertebrae
Moves part forward. Example is gliding -
Protraction
Moves part back - Ex. Gliding -
Retraction
Moves part up. EX. Hinge -
Elevation
Lowers a part. Ex. Hinge -
Hinge
Elevation and Depression movements -
Eating!!
Types of synovial joints - (6)
Hinge Pivot Ellipsoidal Saddle Ball & socket Gliding
Permits movement around one axial or in one plane -
Uniaxial
Permits movement around two perpendicular planes -
Biaxial
Permits movement around 3 or more planes -
Multiaxial
Allows flexion & extension (bending and straightening) -
Ex. Elbows, ankles, interphalangi
Hinge
Projection of one bone pivots in arch -
Ex. Radius, ulna
Pivot
Condolences fits into elliptical socket
Ex. Occipital on atlas , radius on carpals
Ellipsoidal
Bones resemble reciprocally shaped mini-saddles
Ex. Metacarpal 1 to carpal (thumb)
Saddle
Ball-shaped heat into socket
Ex. Shoulder & hip
Ball-and-socket
Sliding between flat surfaces
Ex. Sacral to coxal;
Gliding
Movements of this joint: extension & flexsion
-largest & most frequent injured joint
Knee joint
Orbiculars oculi -
Squints eye
Orbicularis oris -
Puckers lips / whistle
Zygomaticus major -
Smiling
Depressor anguli oris -
Frown
Platysma -
Open mouth by lowering jaw
Masseter -
Close mouth by elevating jaw
Sternocleidomastoid -
Nods head down (chin to chest) -
Semispinalis capitis -
Raise head up
Sliding Filament Theory A:
Actin’s notches are covered by ……..
-myosis crossbridges are ……….
-…… is in SR
Tropomyosin
- hinged back
- Ca++
Sliding Filament Theory B:
The brain sends a ……..
ACH is released and crosses ……
ACH plugs into receptor and cell ……
Message
Synapse
Depolarizers
Sliding Filament Theory B contiued …
The tropomyosin moves, actions notches are …..
Myosin binds to actin and a power stroke occurs and filaments slide ………
Exposed
Contraction
The Sliding Filament Theory C:
…… makes myosin release and rehinge back
…… destroys ACH and cell repolarizes
Ca++ goes back to SR
ATP
ACH
The Sliding Filament Theory C continued:
Tropomyosin recovers actins ….
Myosin cannot …..
Notches
Rebind
The minimum level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract -
Threshold stimulus
When a threshold stimulus is applied, the muscle fiber contracts completely -
All-or- none principle
In practical application, more muscle fibers within a muscle are …… to pick up a heavy book, than to pick up a pencil -
Simulated
