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H Anatomy/physiology > Exam Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Its the study of internal and external structures of organisms and the relationship of its parts -

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

Is the study of the functions of organisms and parts -

A

Physiology

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3
Q

Negative feedback loops opposes change to ……

A

Return to normal

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4
Q

Negative or Posiitive feedback loop ?

Increasing breathing to replace oxygen

A

Negative

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5
Q

Positive feedback loop …….. amplifies change to …….

A

Temporarily

Return to normal

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6
Q

An example of a positive feedback loop is …..

A

Child birth

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7
Q

Positive and negative loops both ….

A

Bring back to normal

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8
Q

Negative and positive feedback loops have ……

A

3 basic components

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9
Q

Heart in reference to the mouth -

A

Inferior - lateral -deep

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10
Q

Kidney in reference to the urinary bladder -

A

Superior - posterior - lateral

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11
Q

Axillary -

A

On armpit

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12
Q

Brachial -

A

On arm

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13
Q

Femoral -

A

On thigh

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14
Q

Gluteal -

A

On trunk

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15
Q

Patellar -

A

On knee

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16
Q

Popliteal -

A

Behind the knee

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17
Q

Thoracic -

A

On the chest

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18
Q

Another name for posterior -

A

Dorsal

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19
Q

Another name for anterior -

A

Ventral

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20
Q

To the front -

A

Anterior

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21
Q

To the back -

A

Posterior

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22
Q

To the side -

A

Lateral

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23
Q

To the fingers -

A

Distal

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24
Q

To the shoulder -

A

Proximal

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25
Q

3 basic components of feedback loops -

A

Sensor
Control
Effectors

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26
Q

It detects change in specific element and signals control -

A

Sensor

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27
Q

It sends signals to the effectors (integrator) -

A

Control

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28
Q

It responds to integrator -

A

Effectors

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29
Q

Which feedback loop is most common in the human body -

A

Negative feedback loop

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30
Q

Anatomical position -

A

Standing arms at side, palms forward

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31
Q

Supine position -

A

Patient is on back

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32
Q

Prone position -

A

Patient is on tummy

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33
Q

S
R L
I

Label -

A

Superior
Right. Left
Inferior

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34
Q

Bilateral symmetry -

A

Right & left sides are mirror images

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35
Q

Ipsilateral -

A

Same side

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36
Q

Contralateral -

A

Opposite side

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37
Q

Deep -

A

Away from surface

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38
Q

Where is the spleen in reference to the stomach -

A

Posterior

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39
Q

Where is the shoulder blade in reference to the urinary bladder -

A

Superior, lateral, posterior

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40
Q

Sagittal -

A

Gives Right and LEft sides

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41
Q

Midsaggital -

A

Gives equal halves

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42
Q

Frontal -

A

Gives front and back

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43
Q

Transverse. -

A

Gives up and down

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44
Q

4 planes and secs. -

A

Sagittal
Midsaggital
Frontal
Transverse

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45
Q

Appendicular region -

A

Arms and legs

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46
Q

Axial region -

A

Head, neck, torso

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47
Q

Axial region contain two major cavities -

A

Ventral, dorsal

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48
Q

What are the two major cavities -

A

Ventral

Dorsal

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49
Q

2 parts of the ventral cavities -

A

Thoracic cavity

Abdominopelvic

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50
Q

Means chest ; lungs -

A

Thoracic cavity

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51
Q

A muscle that seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity -

A

Diaphragm

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52
Q

2 types in the dorsal cavity -

A

Cranial

Spinal

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53
Q

Liver
Gallbladder
Right kidney
Part of large intestine

Are all in which quadrant?

A

RUQ

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54
Q

Appendix,
right ovary
Right ureter

Are all in which quadrant?

A

RLQ

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55
Q 
Stomach
Spleen
Pancreas
Left kidney
Part of large intestine

Are all in which quadrant?

A

LUQ

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56
Q

Left ovary
Left ureter

Are all in which quadrant?

A

LLQ

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57
Q

Its the sum total of an organisms chemical reactions, including ones that build and ones that break down -

A

Metabolism

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58
Q

-used to make body structures, larger molecules

A

Dehydration synthesis

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59
Q

Basically, water is eliminated (…….) each time we join atoms together (……)

A

Dehydration

Synthesis

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60
Q

Building reactions =

A

Dehydration synthesis

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61
Q

Breaking down reactions -

A

Hydrolysis

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62
Q
  • used to break down molecules into usable molecules

- frequently enzymes are needed

A

Hydrolysis

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63
Q

Dehydration of hydrolysis?

A and B come from the digestion in your food. Enzymes are used to bind them together.
AB

A

Dehydration

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64
Q

Hydrolysis or dehydration?

When you digest, you must break molecules down into sizes that can be absorbed -

A

Hydrolysis

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65
Q

Metabolism speed:

Fast -

A

Effiecent chemistry

Burn calories

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66
Q

MEtabolism speed:

Slow -

A

Inefficient chemistry

Store calories instead burning them (putting on weight)

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67
Q

Substance in which other substances dissolve water -

A

Solvent

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68
Q

Substacne that is dissolves -

A

Solute

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69
Q

function of phospholipids -

A

Phospholipid bilayer cell membrane

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70
Q

Structure of phospholipids -

A

Hydrophobic & hydrophilic

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71
Q

Means water fearing -

A

Hydrophobic

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72
Q

Means water liking -

A

Hydrophilic

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73
Q

Means no double bonds in fat acid chain -

A

Saturated fats

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74
Q

Means contains one or more double bonds in FA chain -

A

Unsaturated fat

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75
Q

Sources of saturated fats -

A

Animal fat

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76
Q

Sources of unsaturated fats -

A

Vegetable oils

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77
Q

At room temp. Saturated fats are ….

A

Solids

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78
Q

At room temp. Unsaturated fats are …

A

Liquids

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79
Q

Types of fats -

A

Triglycerides
Saturated
Unsaturated

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80
Q

Glycerol + 3fatty acid chains -

A

Triglycerides

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81
Q

Function of triglycerides -

A

Store energy

Insulate & padding

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82
Q

Molecules spread from an area of high concetration to an area of low concentration -

A

Simple diffusion

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83
Q

a high to low concentration, but a helper protein must be used -

A

Facilitated diffusion

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84
Q

Process where diffusion of water across a semi permeable membrane -

A

Osmosis

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85
Q

Simple diffusion follows …..

A

Concentration gradient

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86
Q

Facilitated diffusion is against …..

A

Concentration gradient

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87
Q

Osmosis follows ….

A

Concentration gradient

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88
Q

This solution has the same amount of dissolved, stuff surrounds -

A

Isotonic

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89
Q

This solution has more stuff dissolves, surrounds the cell -

A

Hypertonic

90
Q

This solution has less stuff dissolved, surrounds cell -

A

Hypotonic

91
Q

What happens to the cell in this solution -

Isotonic -

A

The cell stays the same

92
Q

What happens to the cell in this solution -

Hypertonic-

A

Cell shrinks

93
Q

What happens to the cell in this solution -

Hypotonic -

A

The cell sweells, may burst too

94
Q

Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

Isotonic, Hypertonic, Hypotonic

A

Passive transport

95
Q

Endocytosis, Exocytosis -

A

Active Transport

96
Q

How cells bring large molecules & particles into itself.

  • plasma membrane curves in toward the cell
  • pinches off forming a vessicle bringing fluids/particles -
A

Endocytosis

97
Q

Examples of endocytosis -

A

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

98
Q

Endocytosis follows …..

A

Concentration gradient

99
Q

Hoe cells push particles out of itself.

  • large particles leave the cell
  • vessicle forms which fuses plasma membrane & releases stuff
A

Exocytosis

100
Q

Exocytosis is against …..

A

Concentration gradient

101
Q

They resemble the tissue they came from

  • grow very slow
  • do not spread
  • usually not life threatening
A

Benign

102
Q

They do not resemble parent tissue

  • have irregular structures
  • another word for cancer
  • they break through basement membranes
  • grow quickly
  • tend to spread
A

Maliganant

103
Q

Its abnormal growths of cells that can be benign or malignant
-a disease of the cell cycle where cells divide in excess

A

Tumor

104
Q

Streaming leads to tumors beyond the original site. This is called….

A

Metastasis

105
Q

Its where secrete chemical signal that causes blood vessels to grow to tumor -

A

Angiogenesis

106
Q

Normal cells exhibit this where they stop growing when they come in contact w/ another cell -

A

Contact inhibition

107
Q

function of membrane proteins -

A

Serve as well-guarded gateway which allows certain things in and out

108
Q

3 cell connectors -

A

Desmosomes
Gap junctions
Tight junctions

109
Q

They are “spot welds” that hold adjacent cells together -

Found in skin

A

Desmosomes

110
Q

They are channels of adjacent plasma membranes adhere here

-found in the heart

A

Gap junctions

111
Q

Where plasma membrane proteins fuse w/ similar proteins in neighboring cells forming an impermeable tight sheet
Found in intestines -

A

Tight junctions

112
Q

Epithelial tissue function-

A

it covers the body

  • lines various parts
  • glands secrete substances
113
Q

Characeristices of epithelial tissues -

A
  • Cells tightly packed together
  • contain no blood vessels
  • reproduce constantly (prone to cancer)
114
Q

4 types of cells -

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Pseudostratified columnar

115
Q

They are big, flat slippery cells

-look like fried eggs

A

Squamous

116
Q

They are shaped like a box or cube

  • has lots of cytoplasm
  • they make stuff
A

Cuboidal

117
Q

They are tall like a column or pillar

  • lots of surface area
  • absorbs
A

Columnar

118
Q

They are oddly shaped columnar -

A

Pseudostratified columnar

119
Q

Most numerous and diverse group

A

Connective tissue

120
Q

Function of connective tissue -

A
  • connects other tissues and organs/forms supporting framework
  • transport substances/defends against germs
121
Q

Characteristics of connective titssues -

A

Cells widely spaced
Has a matrix between cells
Contains collagen /elastic

122
Q

White bundles of protein which area tough and strong-

A

Collagen

123
Q

Bundles of protein which are strectchy -

A

Elastic

124
Q

Stuff between the cells

A

Matrix

125
Q

The matrix of the Loose Areolar -

A

Clear, sticky hyaluronic acid

126
Q

The matrix of the Bone or Osseous Tissue -

A

Calcium minerals

127
Q

The matrix of Cartilage -

A

Gristle matrix w/ collagen fibers

128
Q

Its one layer of flat slipper cells

-found: lining of blood vessels, alveoli of lungs

A

Simple squamous epithelial tissue

129
Q

Many layer of flat cells

  • they make your cheeks feel smooth&slippery inside mouth
  • found: lining inside mouth,vagina, esophagus, surface of skin
A

Stratified squamous epithelial tissue

130
Q

“False layers”

  • it looks like more than one layer b/c the nuclei of the cells dont line up
  • is a cross section of a trachea
A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue

131
Q

They usually make up glands -

  • cross section of a gland
  • these cells are secreting some fluid into the center
A

Simple cubodial epithelial tissue

132
Q

One layer of tall cells

  • for absorption
  • found: lining the inner surface of the stomach and intestines
A

Simple columnar epithelial tissue

133
Q

Cells freeze and die b/c the cytoplasm expands when frozen and breaks cell membranes -

A

Frostbite

134
Q

Where the body core drops below 90 degrees unconsciousness and death can result if not warmed soon -

A

Hypothermia

135
Q

Where body core gets over 105 degrees and cells die -

A

Heat stroke

136
Q

Its typically a sunburn

  • mild discomfort
  • some reddening
A

First-degree burn

137
Q

Its a burn deep epidermal and upper dermis

  • PAIN, blisters
  • damage to sweat gland, hair, sebaceous glands
A

Second degree burns

138
Q

Its the destruction of epidermis and dermis

  • may involve muscle bone
  • no pain bc of nerve death -
A

Third-degree burn

139
Q

Three types of skin cancer -

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma

140
Q

Its red, scaly patch nodule

  • most curable
  • slow growing
A

Squamous cell carcinoma

141
Q

Its bleeding, crusty patch which refuses to heal -

A

Basal cell carcinoma

142
Q

2 reasons why malignant melanoma is so deadly -

A

Metastasizes quickly

143
Q

3 types of glands -

A

Sweat
Sebaceous
Ceruminous

144
Q

Sweat glands that are numerous and widely distributed over the body -

A

Eccrine sweat glands

145
Q

This sweat gland is found in the armpits and around the genitals

A

Apocrine

146
Q

They are known as oil glands

  • produce sebum which lubricates hair and skin
  • prevents from skin drying/cracking
A

Sebaceous glands

147
Q

Gland found in the ear

  • produce cerulean
  • protects skin of ear canal from dehydration
A

Ceruminous glands

148
Q

Free nerve endings -

A

Pain

149
Q

Meissners corpuscle -

A

Light touch

150
Q

Krause end bulbs -

A

Cold

151
Q

Ruffinis corpuscles -

A

Heat

152
Q

Pacinian corpuscles -

A

Pressure

153
Q

Root hair plexus -

A

Tugged on hair

154
Q

Its the bone building cell (stores calcium; becomes an osteocyte) -

A

Osteoblast

155
Q

Its the bone absorbing cells (breaking down bone & release calcium into blood vessels) -

A

Osteoclasts

156
Q

Its a mature bone cell -

A

Osteocyte

157
Q

This process is used in most bones

  1. Cartilage is laid down but covered by fiborous periosteum
  2. Collar of bone appears
  3. blood vessels invade cartilage - osteoblasts deposit calcium
  4. Secondary ossification centers form at each epiphysis
  5. Until growth is done, the epiphysial plate remains between the epiphysis & diaphysis
A

Endochondrial ossification

158
Q

Structure of compact bone -

A

Dense, hard outer layer; for strength

159
Q

Means immovable

Ex. Sutures of skull -

A

Synarthroses

160
Q

Means slightly moveable

Ex. Symphysis pubs, vertebrae bodies

A

Amphirarthroses

161
Q

Means freely moveable (structure= synovial)

Ex. Shoulder , hip

A

Diarthroses

162
Q

-most common form of arthritis

The articulate cartilage deteriorates so no more shock absorber, and theres no cure.
-pain, tenderness, swelling

A

Osteoarthritis

163
Q

What causes osteoarthritis -

A

Combination of age, overweight, injury, heredity, muscle weakness

164
Q

Its the destruction of synovial membrane

  • more common in women
  • joint pain and swelling / red & puffy hands
  • symtoms come and go
A

Rheumatoid arthritis

165
Q

Is there a cure for rheumatoid arthritis? -

A

No

166
Q

What’s the cause of rheumatoid arthritis -

A

May be genetic, smoking, virus

167
Q

Its the loss of calcified matrix causing a reduction in total bone mass -

A

Osteoporosis

168
Q

Who are typically affected by osteoporosis -

A

Older women

169
Q

Why are older women more likely to get osteoporosis?

A

Liked to decreasing amounts of estrogen as ppl age

170
Q

Treatment of osteoporosis -

A

Involves hormone replacement therapy , increase calcium and VD

171
Q

4 types of joint movements -

A

Angular
Circular
Gliding
Special

172
Q

They change angle between bones -

A

Angular movements

173
Q

Decrease angle (bend) -

A

Flexion

174
Q

Joint type ex of flexion movement -

A

Hinge, ball& socket

175
Q

Increase angle (straighten) -

A

Extension

176
Q

Extend beyond anatomical position -

A

Hyperextension

177
Q

Move part away from median plane -

A

Abduction

178
Q

Joint type example of abduction movement -

A

Ball and socket

179
Q

Move part toward median plane -

A

Adduction

180
Q

Result in arc-like rotation of a structure around an axis -

A

Circular movement

181
Q

Pivoting bone on axis -

A

Rotation

182
Q

Example of rotation movement -

A

Ball & socket, pivot

183
Q

Distal end of a bone moves in a circular path while the proximal end remains stable (arm circles)

A

Circumduction

184
Q

Rotation hand w palms ending downward

A

Pronation

185
Q

Example pronation movement -

A

Pivot

186
Q

Rotating hand w palm ending upward -

A

Supination

187
Q

Example of supination movement -

A

Pivot

188
Q

The simplest movements of all movements
-made by flat surfaces
-

A

Gliding movements

189
Q

Example of gliding movements -

A

Posterior vertebrae

190
Q

Moves part forward. Example is gliding -

A

Protraction

191
Q

Moves part back - Ex. Gliding -

A

Retraction

192
Q

Moves part up. EX. Hinge -

A

Elevation

193
Q

Lowers a part. Ex. Hinge -

A

Hinge

194
Q

Elevation and Depression movements -

A

Eating!!

195
Q

Types of synovial joints - (6)

A 
Hinge
Pivot 
Ellipsoidal 
Saddle
Ball & socket 
Gliding
196
Q

Permits movement around one axial or in one plane -

A

Uniaxial

197
Q

Permits movement around two perpendicular planes -

A

Biaxial

198
Q

Permits movement around 3 or more planes -

A

Multiaxial

199
Q

Allows flexion & extension (bending and straightening) -

Ex. Elbows, ankles, interphalangi

A

Hinge

200
Q

Projection of one bone pivots in arch -

Ex. Radius, ulna

A

Pivot

201
Q

Condolences fits into elliptical socket

Ex. Occipital on atlas , radius on carpals

A

Ellipsoidal

202
Q

Bones resemble reciprocally shaped mini-saddles

Ex. Metacarpal 1 to carpal (thumb)

A

Saddle

203
Q

Ball-shaped heat into socket

Ex. Shoulder & hip

A

Ball-and-socket

204
Q

Sliding between flat surfaces

Ex. Sacral to coxal;

A

Gliding

205
Q

Movements of this joint: extension & flexsion

-largest & most frequent injured joint

A

Knee joint

206
Q

Orbiculars oculi -

A

Squints eye

207
Q

Orbicularis oris -

A

Puckers lips / whistle

208
Q

Zygomaticus major -

A

Smiling

209
Q

Depressor anguli oris -

A

Frown

210
Q

Platysma -

A

Open mouth by lowering jaw

211
Q

Masseter -

A

Close mouth by elevating jaw

212
Q

Sternocleidomastoid -

A

Nods head down (chin to chest) -

213
Q

Semispinalis capitis -

A

Raise head up

214
Q

Sliding Filament Theory A:
Actin’s notches are covered by ……..
-myosis crossbridges are ……….
-…… is in SR

A

Tropomyosin

  • hinged back
  • Ca++
215
Q

Sliding Filament Theory B:

The brain sends a ……..
ACH is released and crosses ……
ACH plugs into receptor and cell ……

A

Message
Synapse
Depolarizers

216
Q

Sliding Filament Theory B contiued …

The tropomyosin moves, actions notches are …..
Myosin binds to actin and a power stroke occurs and filaments slide ………

A

Exposed

Contraction

217
Q

The Sliding Filament Theory C:
…… makes myosin release and rehinge back
…… destroys ACH and cell repolarizes
Ca++ goes back to SR

A

ATP

ACH

218
Q

The Sliding Filament Theory C continued:

Tropomyosin recovers actins ….
Myosin cannot …..

A

Notches

Rebind

219
Q

The minimum level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract -

A

Threshold stimulus

220
Q

When a threshold stimulus is applied, the muscle fiber contracts completely -

A

All-or- none principle

221
Q

In practical application, more muscle fibers within a muscle are …… to pick up a heavy book, than to pick up a pencil -

A

Simulated

H Anatomy/physiology (22 decks)

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