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Year 3 Haematology > Introduction to immunology > Flashcards

Introduction to immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Name some physical barriers

A 
lysozyme in tears and saliva
mucous membranes 
mucociliary escalator 
normal flora of gut 
gastric acid 
physical flushing - urinary tract
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2
Q

Does innate or acquired immunity have memory?

A

acquired

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3
Q

What does innate immunity detect?

A

alteration from haemostasis

damage to host or a pathogen

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4
Q

innate immune cells

A 
basophils 
neutrophils 
eosinophils 
NK cells
macrophage 
mast cell 
monocyte
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5
Q

What do cytokines regulate?

A

nature, duration and intensity of immune response

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6
Q

What cells predominantly produce cytokines?

A

macrophages

T helper cells

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7
Q

pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

TNF alpha
IL-1,6
Chemokines

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8
Q

anti-inflammatory cytokines

A

IL-10

TGF-B

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9
Q

What can cytokines activate?

A

macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, B and T cells

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10
Q

What do cytokines do to bone marrow?

A

act on it to increase leukocyte production

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11
Q

Inflammation

A 
vasodilation 
increased vascular permeability
increased cell adhesion 
chemotaxis 
increased sensitivity to pain
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12
Q

Chemicals involved in inflammation

A 
NO
Bradykinin 
prostaglandins 
TNF alpha and IL-1
Histamine
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13
Q

3 pathways to activate complement

A

classical
lectin
alternative

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14
Q

MAC

A

C5B, c6, 7, 8, 9

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15
Q

opsonisation complement

A

c3b,c4b

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16
Q

What does opsonisation do?

A

reduces repellent negative cell charge

increases number of binding sites for phagocytes

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17
Q

Main opsonin

A

complement C3B,4B
antibodies
plasma proteins - mannose binding lectin

18
Q

humoral immunity

A

antibody mediated - B cells

19
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

T cells

20
Q

Where do B and T cells mature and then where do they go?

A

B = bone marrow
T = bone marrow then thymus
secondary lymphoid organs eg LN and spleen to encounter antigens

21
Q

Antigen

A

molecule capable of inducing an immune response

22
Q

Antibody

A

glycoprotein produced by B lymphocytes that binds antigen with high specificity and affinity

23
Q

How to B and T cells have specificity for an antigen?

A

BCR
TCR
genetic changes

24
Q

What do T cells require to recognise antigen?

A

presentation by MHC

25
Q

CD4 and CD8 MHC

A 
4 = MHC2
8 = MHC1
26
Q

How do B cells recognise antigens?

A

directly via BCR

27
Q

MHC 1+2 - extracellular or intracellular?

A 
1= intracellular eg virus 
2 = extracellular
28
Q

Central tolerance - T cells

A 
\+ve = T cell recognise MHC?
-ve = too strongly with self antigens via MHC?
29
Q

Central tolerance B cells

A

self reacting BCR?

30
Q

Peripheral tolerance

A

monitor lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid organs and circulation
regulatory T cells

31
Q

Tc cells - 3 actions

A

IFN gamma and TNF alpha
cytotoxic granules - perforin and granzyme
FasL-fas interactions

32
Q

What cells promote B cell antibody class switching?

A

T helper cells

33
Q

3 types of T helper cells

A

Th1, 2, 17

34
Q

Which T helper cells are intracellular and extracellular?

A

1-intracellular

2+17, extracellular

35
Q

What do regulatory T cells secrete?

A

IL-10 and TGF-B

36
Q

2 regions of antibodies

A

Fab region - bind antigen

Fc region - communicate with immune cells

37
Q

Different antibodies and main function

A

IgM - activate complement
IgG - cross placenta
IgE -allergy
IgA and IgD

38
Q

Functions of antibody

A

opsonisation
immune complex formation
activate cascade complement

39
Q

Elderly immune function variation

A

thymic involution
fewer naïve T cells
reduced B cell diversity

40
Q

secondary immune deficiencies

A

malnutrition
infection, diabetes, malignancy
drugs, splenectomy

41
Q

HIV - which immune cells does it bind?

A

CD4+

42
Q

Malnutrition and immune function

A

protein-calorie - energy

zinc, iron

Year 3 Haematology (18 decks)

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