Introduction to haematology

Question 1

Plasma constituents

Answer 1

clotting or coagulation factors
albumin
antibodies

Question 2

Buffy coat constituents

Answer 2

platelets

WBC

Question 3

3 main functions of blood

Answer 3

transportation
maintain vascular integrity
protect from pathogens

Question 4

Blood - transport

Answer 4

oxygen and carbon dioxide - RBC

nutrients, waste and messages in plasma

Question 5

blood - prevent leaks

Answer 5

clotting factors and platelets

Question 6

blood - prevent blockages

Answer 6

anticoagulants and fibrinolytics

Question 7

blood - protect from pathogens

Answer 7

phagocytosis - granulocytes/monocytes

antigen recognition and ab formation

Question 8

Development of a RBC

Answer 8

erythroblast - reticulocyte - erythrocyte

Question 9

WBC

Answer 9

eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil, monocyte, lymphocyte

Question 10

Myeloid cells

Answer 10

all blood cells apart from lymphocytes

Question 11

Mesenchymal stem cells

Answer 11

other cell types eg osteoclasts, liver, skin

Question 12

Stem cells - totipotent or pluripotent?

Answer 12

totipotent

Question 13

What regulates the flux of stem cell amplification?

Answer 13

hormones and growth factors

eg erythropoietin, G-CSF, thrombopoietin agonists

Question 14

Where is bone marrow found in adults in children?

Answer 14

bones - children mainly all, elderly axial skeleton

Question 15

where is erythropoietin made?

Answer 15

kidney in response to hypoxia

Question 16

reticulocyte count

Answer 16

measure of red cell production

Question 17

causes of anaemia - decreased production

Answer 17

haematinics deficiency eg iron, folate, vit B12

congenital eg thalassaemia

Question 18

causes of anaemia - increased loss

Answer 18

bleeding, haemolysis

Question 19

How many RBC can be made in a day?

Answer 19

10g/L/day

Question 20

platelets function

Answer 20

haemostasis and immune

Question 21

Platelet function regulated by…

Answer 21

thrombopoietin

Question 22

thrombopoietin

Answer 22

made in liver

regulated by platelet mass feedback

Question 23

platelet life span

Answer 23

7 days

Question 24

thrombocytosis

Answer 24

spontaneous clots, myeloid malignancy

Question 25

thrombocytopenia

Answer 25

marrow failure, immune destruction

Question 26

function of neutrophils

Answer 26

ingest and destroy pathogens (esp bacteria and fungi)

Question 27

Neutrophil life span

Answer 27

1-2 days

Question 28

neutrophil speed of response

Answer 28

few hours

Question 29

neutrophil differentiation

Answer 29

BLAST --> promyelocyte --> myelocyte --> metamyelocyte --> neutrophil

Question 30

Production of neutrophils regulated by?

Answer 30

G-CSF

Question 31

therapeutic use of G-CSF

Answer 31

neutropenia | mobilisation of stem cells

Question 32

Neutrophilia causes

Answer 32

infection or inflammation eg MI, post op

Question 33

Neutropenia - decreased production and increased consumption

Answer 33

drugs, marrow failure | sepsis, autoimmune

Question 34

Functions of monocytes

Answer 34

to ingest and destroy pathogens - esp bacteria and fungi

Question 35

What are macrophages?

Answer 35

subset of monocytes which migrate to the tissues

Question 36

Eosinophils

Answer 36

allergy | parasites

Question 37

Lymphocytes - immunity

Answer 37

adaptive | immunological memory

Question 38

lymphocytosis

Answer 38

pertussis | glandular fever

Question 39

lymphopenia

Answer 39

lymphoma

Question 40

Subtypes of lymphocytes

Answer 40

B cells - make antibodies NK cells T cells - helper, cytotoxic

Question 41

Where do B and T cells mature and where are they produced?

Answer 41

produced in bone marrow - B cells mature here | T cells mature in thymus

Question 42

Where do lymphocytes differentiate into effector cells?

Answer 42

secondary lymphoid organs - LN or mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

Question 43

Lymphocyte maturation

Answer 43

gene recombination | alpha and beta chains, junctions

Question 44

Where do B cells activate?

Answer 44

germinal centre (LN)

Question 45

+ve/-ve selection in bone marrow

Answer 45

gene rearrangement functional receptor +ve | "self antigens" = -ve

Question 46

HLA class 1

Answer 46

internal antigens on all nucleated cells

Question 47

HLA class 2

Answer 47

antigens eaten by professional APC

Question 48

How do systemic diseases affect the blood?

Answer 48

eg RA | anaemia, Fe deficiency, neutrophilia, immune thrombocytopenia etc...

Question 49

too much proteins

Answer 49

paraproteins

Question 50

5 diagnostic tools for haematology

Answer 50

FBC Clotting times for clotting factors, bleeding time for platelets chemical assays - iron (ferritin), B12, folate marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy, LN biopsy imaging eg x-ray, CT angiogram, CT

Question 51

3 haematology treatments

Answer 51

replacement - blood, haematinics, coagulation factors transplantation drugs eg cytotoxic, monoclonal ab etc

Question 52

Red and white pulp spleen

Answer 52

red - RBC mature | white - immune function

Question 53

Pancytopenia

Answer 53

RBC+WBC+platelet deficient

Question 54

hyposplenism

Answer 54

infection with encapsulated bacteria | red cell change

Question 55

splenomegaly

Answer 55

``` infections eg EBV, TB, malaria portal hypertension haematological malignancies haemolytic disorder eg thalassaemia connective tissue disorder eg SLE ```