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Year 3 Haematology > Introduction to haematology > Flashcards

Introduction to haematology Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma constituents

A

clotting or coagulation factors
albumin
antibodies

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2
Q

Buffy coat constituents

A

platelets

WBC

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3
Q

3 main functions of blood

A

transportation
maintain vascular integrity
protect from pathogens

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4
Q

Blood - transport

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide - RBC

nutrients, waste and messages in plasma

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5
Q

blood - prevent leaks

A

clotting factors and platelets

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6
Q

blood - prevent blockages

A

anticoagulants and fibrinolytics

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7
Q

blood - protect from pathogens

A

phagocytosis - granulocytes/monocytes

antigen recognition and ab formation

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8
Q

Development of a RBC

A

erythroblast - reticulocyte - erythrocyte

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9
Q

WBC

A

eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil, monocyte, lymphocyte

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10
Q

Myeloid cells

A

all blood cells apart from lymphocytes

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11
Q

Mesenchymal stem cells

A

other cell types eg osteoclasts, liver, skin

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12
Q

Stem cells - totipotent or pluripotent?

A

totipotent

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13
Q

What regulates the flux of stem cell amplification?

A

hormones and growth factors

eg erythropoietin, G-CSF, thrombopoietin agonists

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14
Q

Where is bone marrow found in adults in children?

A

bones - children mainly all, elderly axial skeleton

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15
Q

where is erythropoietin made?

A

kidney in response to hypoxia

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16
Q

reticulocyte count

A

measure of red cell production

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17
Q

causes of anaemia - decreased production

A

haematinics deficiency eg iron, folate, vit B12

congenital eg thalassaemia

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18
Q

causes of anaemia - increased loss

A

bleeding, haemolysis

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19
Q

How many RBC can be made in a day?

A

10g/L/day

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20
Q

platelets function

A

haemostasis and immune

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21
Q

Platelet function regulated by…

A

thrombopoietin

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22
Q

thrombopoietin

A

made in liver

regulated by platelet mass feedback

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23
Q

platelet life span

A

7 days

24
Q

thrombocytosis

A

spontaneous clots, myeloid malignancy

25
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

marrow failure, immune destruction

26
Q

function of neutrophils

A

ingest and destroy pathogens (esp bacteria and fungi)

27
Q

Neutrophil life span

A

1-2 days

28
Q

neutrophil speed of response

A

few hours

29
Q

neutrophil differentiation

A

BLAST –> promyelocyte –> myelocyte –> metamyelocyte –> neutrophil

30
Q

Production of neutrophils regulated by?

A

G-CSF

31
Q

therapeutic use of G-CSF

A

neutropenia

mobilisation of stem cells

32
Q

Neutrophilia causes

A

infection or inflammation eg MI, post op

33
Q

Neutropenia - decreased production and increased consumption

A

drugs, marrow failure

sepsis, autoimmune

34
Q

Functions of monocytes

A

to ingest and destroy pathogens - esp bacteria and fungi

35
Q

What are macrophages?

A

subset of monocytes which migrate to the tissues

36
Q

Eosinophils

A

allergy

parasites

37
Q

Lymphocytes - immunity

A

adaptive

immunological memory

38
Q

lymphocytosis

A

pertussis

glandular fever

39
Q

lymphopenia

A

lymphoma

40
Q

Subtypes of lymphocytes

A

B cells - make antibodies
NK cells
T cells - helper, cytotoxic

41
Q

Where do B and T cells mature and where are they produced?

A

produced in bone marrow - B cells mature here

T cells mature in thymus

42
Q

Where do lymphocytes differentiate into effector cells?

A

secondary lymphoid organs - LN or mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

43
Q

Lymphocyte maturation

A

gene recombination

alpha and beta chains, junctions

44
Q

Where do B cells activate?

A

germinal centre (LN)

45
Q

+ve/-ve selection in bone marrow

A

gene rearrangement functional receptor +ve

“self antigens” = -ve

46
Q

HLA class 1

A

internal antigens on all nucleated cells

47
Q

HLA class 2

A

antigens eaten by professional APC

48
Q

How do systemic diseases affect the blood?

A

eg RA

anaemia, Fe deficiency, neutrophilia, immune thrombocytopenia etc…

49
Q

too much proteins

A

paraproteins

50
Q

5 diagnostic tools for haematology

A

FBC
Clotting times for clotting factors, bleeding time for platelets
chemical assays - iron (ferritin), B12, folate
marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy, LN biopsy
imaging eg x-ray, CT angiogram, CT

51
Q

3 haematology treatments

A

replacement - blood, haematinics, coagulation factors
transplantation
drugs eg cytotoxic, monoclonal ab etc

52
Q

Red and white pulp spleen

A

red - RBC mature

white - immune function

53
Q

Pancytopenia

A

RBC+WBC+platelet deficient

54
Q

hyposplenism

A

infection with encapsulated bacteria

red cell change

55
Q

splenomegaly

A 
infections eg EBV, TB, malaria 
portal hypertension 
haematological malignancies 
haemolytic disorder eg thalassaemia 
connective tissue disorder eg SLE

Year 3 Haematology (18 decks)

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