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Science for Medicine > Introduction to Blood > Flashcards

Introduction to Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the normal distribution of blood in the body?

A
  • Lungs: 1L
  • Systemic venous circulation: 3L
  • Heart and arterial circulation: 1L
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2
Q

What are 6 functions of blood?

A
  • Carriage of physiologically active compounds
  • Clotting
  • Defence
  • Carriage of gas
  • Thermoregulation
  • Maintenance of ECF pH
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3
Q

What does blood consist of?

A
  • Plasma
  • RBCs
  • WBCs
  • Platelets
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4
Q

What does plasma do??

A

Circulates biologically active molecules and compounds

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5
Q

What are the 3 categories of plasma proteins?

A
  • Albumin
  • Globulin (a,B, y)
  • Fibrinogen (and other clotting factors)
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6
Q

Where do plasma proteins perform their functions?

A

In the circulation

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7
Q

What do plasma proteins generate?

A

Colloid oncotic pressure

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8
Q

What is the result of colloid oncotic pressure?

A
  • Concentration of fluid remains unchanged

- Volume of plasma and interstitial fluid alters

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9
Q

What does ISF act as?

A

Fluid reservoir

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10
Q

What 2 forces is movement of fluid between capillary and interstitial space subject to?

A
  • Hydrostatic pressure

- Colloid oncotic pressure

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11
Q

What does the net movement of fluid depend on?

A
  • Capillary hydrostatic pressure
  • Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
  • Interstitial fluid protein concentration
  • Plasma protein concentration
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12
Q

What is hypoproteinaemia?

A

Abnormally low levels of circulating plasma protein.

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13
Q

What does hypoproteinaemia cause?

A
  • Prolonged starvation
  • Liver disease
  • Intestinal diseases
  • Nephrosis
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14
Q

What is a common characteristic of hypoproteinaemia?

A

Oedema due to loss of oncotic pressure

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15
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

RBC

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16
Q

What cells are myeloid cells?

A
  • Erythrocytes
  • Platelets
  • Neutrophils
  • Monocytes
  • Basophils
  • Eosinophils
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17
Q

What cells are lymphoid cells?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Monocytes
  • Basophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Lymphocytes
18
Q

Describe erythrocytes.

A
  • Most abundant blood cell
  • 120 day lifespan
  • Highly flexible, biconcave, non-nucleated
  • Densely packed with haemoglobin
19
Q

What are the 2 colours of blood?

A
  • Oxyhaemoglobin: bright red found in arteries

- Deoxyhaemoglobin: cherry red found in veins

20
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

RBC formation

21
Q

What is erythropoiesis controlled and accelerated by?

A

Erythropoietin

22
Q

Describe leukocytes.

A
  • Nucleated

- Larger than RBCs

23
Q

What are leukocytes involve in?

A

Defence against pathogens

24
Q

Describe neutrophils.

A
  • Most abundant WBC
  • Constantly producing them
  • Phagocytic
25
Q

Describe eosinophils.

A
  • Increase in number rapidly during allergy

- Attack pathogens too large for neutrophils and other defence cells

26
Q

What do basophils do?

A
  • Release histamine and heparin

- Trigger inflammation

27
Q

Describe monocytes.

A
  • Largest WBC
  • Migrate to spleen, liver, lungs and lymph nodes
  • Become macrophages once they have reached their destination
28
Q

Describe macrophages.

A
  • Mature monocytes that has migrated from the blood to the connective tissue
  • Mya reside in tissue for up to 3 months
  • Phagocytic
29
Q

Describe lymphocytes.

A
  • Key constituent of adaptive immune system

- B cells and T cells

30
Q

What is leucopoiesis?

A

WBC formation

31
Q

What is leucopoiesis controlled by?

A

A cocktail of cytokines including colony stimulating factors and interleukins

32
Q

Where are cytokines released from?

A
  • Endothelial cells
  • Fibroblasts
  • Mature WBC
33
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

Stimulate mitosis and maturation of leukocytes

34
Q

What happens when someone has a bacterial infection?

A

Increase in neutrophils

35
Q

What happens when someone has a viral infection?

A

Increase in lymphocytes

36
Q

What does the differential white cell count allow us to do?

A

Differentiate between infection types

37
Q

What are platelets?

A
  • Membrane bound cell fragments (from megakaryocytes)
  • Rarely nucleated
  • Formation governed by thrombopoietin
  • 10 day lifespan
38
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Adhere to damages vessel walls and exposed connective tissue to mediate clotting

39
Q

What do platelets not do?

A

Adhere to healthy intact endothelium

40
Q

What is haematocrit?

A

Measurement of the proportion of blood that is made up of cells

41
Q

Viscosity

A

How thick/sticky blood is compared to water

42
Q

What is viscosity dependent on?

A
  • Haematocrit: 50% increase increases viscosity by 100%
  • Temperature: Increase in temp decreases viscosity
  • Flow rate: decreased flow rate increases viscosity

Science for Medicine (50 decks)

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