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Science for Medicine > Foundations in Immunology 2 > Flashcards

Foundations in Immunology 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Drainage of tissue
  • Absorption and transport of fatty acids and fats
  • Immunity
  • Removal of ISF from tissues
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2
Q

What direction does the lymphatic system carry fluid?

A

Away from the tissues

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3
Q

What are the 3 phases of immune defence?

A
  • Recognition of danger
  • Production of specific weapons
  • Transport of weapons to site of attack
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4
Q

Where does the recognition stage take place?

A

Secondary lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes, spleen and mucosal associated lymphoid tissues)

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5
Q

What are primary lymphoid tissues?

A
  • Where the lymphocytes (B and T cells) originate and receiver their early training
  • Bone marrow and thymus
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6
Q

How does haematopoiesis vary with age?

A

Where it takes place

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7
Q

What is the thymus?

A

Site of T cell maturation

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8
Q

What can be found in the thymus?

A
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic cells
  • Thymocytes
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9
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Site of lymphocyte activation by antigens

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10
Q

What is the spleen made up of?

A

Red and white pulp

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11
Q

What is the primary function of the red pulp of the spleen?

A

Filter the blood of antigens, microorganisms and defective or worn-out red blood cells

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12
Q

What is red and white pulp made of?

A
  • Red pulp: several different types of blood cell

- White pulp: mainly lymphocytes

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13
Q

Where do B and T cells gather in the spleen?

A
  • B cells: Region between PALS and the marginal sinuses

- T cells: PALS

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14
Q

What happens when T cells are activated?

A

They migrate into the lymphoid follicles to give the B cells that life-saving secondary signal

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15
Q

What activates T cells?

A

APCs

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16
Q

What is a feature of secondary lymphoid tissue (excluding the spleen)?

A

High endothelial venules which allow lymphocytes to escape from the blood vessels

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17
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A
  • Patches of smooth cells embedded in the villi-covered cells that line the small intestine
  • MALT
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18
Q

What do Peyer’s patches lack?

A

Incoming lymphatic system

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19
Q

How do antigens gain entry to Peyer’s patches?

A
  • M cells transport Ag from the lumen of the intestine to the Peyer’s patch.
  • They enclose Ag in vesicles called endosomes which are then transported across the M cells
  • Ag are spat out and then carried by the lymph to the lymph nodes
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20
Q

What can asymmetric tonsils in adults indicate?

A
  • Viral infection
  • Lymphoma
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
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21
Q

What kind of cancers can develop in areas of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Lymphoma
  • Thymus cancer
  • Multiple myeloma
  • Leukaemia
  • Tonsillar cancer
  • Adenoidal cancer
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22
Q

What materials are most commonly spread via the lymph vessels?

A
  • Fragments of tumours

- Infected material

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23
Q

What is lymphangitis?

A

Infection of lymph vessel walls

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24
Q

Describe adaptive immunity.

A
  • very specific

- Immunological memory

25
Q

How do secondary responses differ to primary responses ?

A
  • More rapid
  • Larger
  • Qualitatively different
26
Q

Why does immunological memory occur?

A
  • Each exposure to a particular antigen causes and expansion in the clone of lymphocytes which react to that antigen
  • Stimulation of naïve lymphocytes by exposure to antigen causes some lymphocytes to become memory cells
27
Q

How do memory B ad T cells differ to their naïve counterparts?

A
  • Memory B cells produce antibodies that bind to the antigen with a much higher affinity than naïve B cells
  • Memory T cells react much more quickly than naïve T cells
28
Q

How is active immunity conferred?

A

By a host response to a microbe or microbial antigen

29
Q

How is passive immunity conferred?

A

By adoptive transfer of antibodies or T lymphocytes specific for the microbe

30
Q

What do both active and passive immunity provide?

A

Resistance to infection and are specific for microbial antigens, but only active immune responses generate immunological memory

31
Q

What are 2 examples of passive immunity?

A

-Maternal Abs transferred to foetus

32
Q

Natural active immunity

A

Occurs during infection. It is active because lymphocytes are activated by antigens on pathogens surface

33
Q

Artificial active

A

Injecting or taking antigens by mouth. Takes time for T and B cells to be activated but gives long lasting immunity

34
Q

Natural passive

A

Mother to child through placenta or milk

35
Q

Artificial passive

A

Used during potentially fatal diseases. provides an instant response but only temporary as Abs are not the body’s own so memory cells are not created.

36
Q

Where are B cells produced?

A

-Bone marrow

37
Q

What do B cells mature into?

A

Plasma cells

38
Q

What are plasma cells responsible for?

A

Antibody production

39
Q

What do B cells express?

A

Surface immunoglobulin (sIg) which is the antigen receptor for the B cell

40
Q

Why is it more important to tolerize T cells?

A

Both B and T cells can be made tolerant but B cells cannot make Ab to most antigens without the help of T cells

41
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Any substance capable of triggering an immune response

42
Q

How does an antigen announce its foreignness?

A

By means of intricate and characteristic shapes called epitopes which protrude from its surface.

43
Q

Describe the structure of an antibody.

A
  • Y shaped
  • Contains heavy chains and light chains
  • Split into Fc region (tail) and Ag binding region (Fab) (arms)
  • Contains disulphide bonds
44
Q

What are the 2 types of light chains that exist in mammals?

A
  • lamda
  • kappa
  • in each Ab, only 1 type is present and the 2 chains are identical
45
Q

What defines Ig class of Ab?

A

The heavy chain

46
Q

What are the 2 regions of heavy chains/

A
  • A constant region (same for all Ig classes)

- A variable region that differs between different B cells

47
Q

What are the 5 types of mammalian Ig heavy chains?

A
  • alpha
  • gamma
  • delta
  • mu
  • epsilon
48
Q

What are the 5 different classes of Abs?

A
  • IgM
  • IgG
  • IgA
  • IgE
  • IgD
49
Q

IgA

A

Protects mucosal surfaces, resistant to stomach acid

50
Q

IgD

A

No known Ab function

51
Q

IgE

A

Defends against parasites, causes anaphylactic shock

52
Q

IgM

A

Good at fixing compliment and opsonization

53
Q

IgG

A

Good optimizer

54
Q

How can B cells be activated?

A
  • T cell dependent activation

- T cell independent activation

55
Q

What is T cell dependent activation?

A

Requires a signal from the clustered BCR along with signal from a T cell in which a protein on the surface of a T cell which recognises the same antigen as the B cell binds to a receptor on the B cell

56
Q

What is T cell independent activation?

A

It can happen when huge numbers of BCR are clustered together by an antigen with a very large number of repeated epitopes- a mitogen

57
Q

What is the first Ab that B cell produce when activated?

A

IgM

58
Q

What is transcytosis?

A

Process by which IgA binds to the poly Ig receptor at the base of an epithelial cell and is transported across the cell and released into the lumen by proteolytic cleavage

59
Q

What can enhance B cells response to Ag?

A

Binding of CR2 on B cells

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