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Science for Medicine > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A

Weight bearing/support
Protection
Mineral store
Blood formation

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2
Q

What is the gross anatomy of bone?

A
  • Compact bone
  • Spongy (trabecular) bone
  • Blood vessels
  • Medullary cavity
  • Bone marrow
  • Membranes (periosteum/endosteum)
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3
Q

What is compact bone organised into?

A

Circular structures known as osteons surrounding a central Haversian canal

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4
Q

What canals run horizontal in bone?

A

Volkmann’s canals

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5
Q

What is found around a Haversian canal?

A

Osteocytes and concentric ring of bone matrix known as lamellae

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6
Q

What are other names for spongy bone?

A
  • Cancellous
  • Trabecular bone
  • Diploe
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7
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

A network of lamellated trabeculae filled with bone marrow

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8
Q

What does the orientation of trabeculae reflect?

A

The main directions of mechanical forces

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9
Q

What are the 6 types of bone?

A 
Flat bone
Sutural Bone
Long Bone
Sesamoid
Irregular Bone
Short Bone
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10
Q

What are the 2 types of bone development?

A
  • Endochondral

- Intramembranous

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11
Q

What is the primary ossification centre?

A

Where bone formation begins

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12
Q

Where does intramembranous ossification also occur?

A

Adult cortical bone

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13
Q

What makes up bone?

A
  • Cells (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes)

- Extracellular matrix (hydroxyapatite crystals, Type 1 collagen, water)

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14
Q

What do minerals such as hydroxyapatite do in bone?

A

Make bone stiff and able to support structures as they have high strength under compression

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15
Q

What does collagen do in bone?

A

Gives bone some flexibility and reduces risk of fracture as it has high strength under tension

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16
Q

What makes bone healthy?

A

Having a constant balance between bone removal and bone formation

17
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Immature bone cells created from ostopregenitor cells in the periosteum and endosteum

18
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

To produce bone matrix and initiate calcification

19
Q

What happens to osteoblasts once they are surrounded by matrix?

A

They become osteocytes

20
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone found inside lacunae

21
Q

What do canaliculi do?

A

Connect lacunae to each other to allow communication between cells

22
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A
  • Multinucleate cells derived from monocytes/macrophages

- They are large cells with rough borders

23
Q

Where are osteoclasts found?

A

On the bone surface

24
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

To resorb bone matrix

25
Q

What are Howship’s lacunae?

A

Resorption pits

26
Q

What is the extracellular matrix?

A

It is mainly minerals, protein and water

27
Q

What kind of collagen is found in the extracellular matrix?

A

Modified type 1

28
Q

How is the collagen in the extracellular matrix arranged?

A

Strongly cross-linked and large gaps within fibres

29
Q

What do the gaps in the collagen fibres do?

A

Provide space of hydroxyapatite crystals

30
Q

What is the orientation of collagen fibres linked to?

A

Mechanical forces

31
Q

Name 3 disorders of bone remodelling.

A

Osteoporosis
Paget’s Disease
Osteopetrosis

32
Q

What happens in osteoporosis?

A

Resorption>Formation

33
Q

What happens in Paget’s Disease?

A

Increased Resorption/ Formation

34
Q

What happens in osteopetrosis?

A

Decreased resoprtion

35
Q

What is bone mass controlled by?

A

Genes and the environment

36
Q

What can cause significant bone loss?

A

Weightlessness or bed rest

37
Q

What is particularly effective in maintaining bone mass density?

A

Resistance and high impact sports

Science for Medicine (50 decks)

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