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Science for Medicine > Foundations in Immunology 1 > Flashcards

Foundations in Immunology 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Tolerance

A

Immunological unresponsiveness to an antigen

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2
Q

How is self-tolerance maintained?

A
  • The elimination of lymphocytes which react to self-antigens in their early stages of development
  • Allowing lymphocytes to encounter self antigens in a setting which leads to their destruction if they react to self-antigens
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3
Q

What does the body’s immune defences not usually attack?

A

Tissues that carry a self marker.

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4
Q

Pathogen

A

Any organism that cause harm

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5
Q

What organisms can cause harm?

A
  • Viruses
  • Protozoa
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Parasite
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6
Q

What physical barriers do our bodies have?

A
  • Skin

- Reproductory, respiratory and digestive tracts

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7
Q

What is the main barrier to infection?

A

Mucous membranes

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8
Q

What does mucus prevent?

A

The attachment of pathogens and any pathogens that are trapped are repeatedly sloughed off

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9
Q

What produces mucus?

A

Goblet cells

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10
Q

What does mucus contain?

A

Antimicrobial enzymes such as growth inhibitors, enzyme inhibitors, lysins and immunoglobulins.

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11
Q

What do lysins do?

A

Kill invading pathogens

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12
Q

What do immunoglobulins do/

A

Help destroy pathogens

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13
Q

What are the two divisions in the immune system?

A
  • The innate immune system

- The adaptive immune system

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of the innate immune system?

A
  • Non-specific
  • First to come into play
  • Will produce the same response time and again=no memory
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15
Q

What are the characteristics of the adaptive immune system?

A
  • Highly specific
  • Immunological memory
  • Antibody production
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16
Q

What immune system do we have when we are born?

A

The innate immune system

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17
Q

Describe the process when you receive a wound that gets infected with bacteria.

A
  • Area around wound gets red and swollen

- Influx of macrophages to the area

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18
Q

What cells are professional phagocytes?

A
  • Monocytes
  • Macrophages
  • Granulocytes
  • Dendritic cells
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19
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis.

A
  • Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe phagocyte
  • Ingestion of microbe by phagocyte
  • Formation of phagosome
  • Fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome
  • Digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes
  • Formation of residual body containing indigestible material
  • Discharges of waste materials
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20
Q

Describe how macrophages descend from self-renewing stem cells.

A

One of the daughter cells goes back to being a stem cell and the other goes through a number of choices to end up being one of a number of blood cells

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21
Q

Where are macrophages made?

A

Bone marrow

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22
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Immature macrophages that divide and differentiate to become macrophages

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23
Q

What causes redness in injury?

A

Macrophages give off chemicals that restrict blood flow away from the site of injury

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24
Q

What causes swelling in injury?

A

Contraction of endothelial cells

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25
Q

What do macrophages produce?

A

Cytokines to alert other cells to the danger and induce them to travel to the site of injury

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26
Q

What is the most abundant WBC?

A

Neutrophils

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27
Q

How do macrophages and neutrophils differ?

A

Neutrophils aren’t APCs they just eat pathogens

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28
Q

When do neutrophils become active?

A

When the enter the tissues from the blood

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29
Q

When do neutrophils migrate to the tissues?

A

In the acute phase of inflammation

30
Q

What infections are eosinophils found in?

A

Parasitic

31
Q

What are eosinophils involved in

A

Allergy and asthma

32
Q

What do granules of eosinophils contain?

A

Many enzymes such as:

  • Peroxidase
  • RNase
  • DNase
  • Lipase
  • Plasminogen
  • major basic protein
33
Q

What are mediator released by eosinophils toxic to?

A

Host and parasites

34
Q

Where are eosinophils found?

A
  • Thymus
  • Lower GIT
  • Ovary
  • Uterus
  • Spleen
  • Lymph nodes
35
Q

Where are eosinophils not found?

A
  • Lung
  • Skin
  • Oesophagus
36
Q

What is the cause of anaphylactic shock?

A

Mast cell degranulation

37
Q

What do mast cells protect against?

A

Parasites

38
Q

What do mast cells contain?

A

Granules containing pharmacologically active chemicals including histamine

39
Q

What do mast cells do on encountering a parasite?

A

Dumps all of its contents onto the parasite to kill it

40
Q

What happens to some people on first exposure to an allergen?

A
  • They make lots of IgE antibodies against the allergen.

- The mast cells have receptors which can bind to the Fc region of the IgE antibodies.

41
Q

What happens to some people on second exposure to an allergen?

A
  • The IgE antibdoies which are bound to the mast cell can also bind to the allergen.
  • The mast cell receptors are dragged together and a signal is sent to release the cells chemicals
42
Q

What is the result of mast cell chemical release?

A

Increase in capillary permeability allows fluid to escape the blood vessel resulting in classic allergy symptoms

43
Q

How does allergy become anaphylaxis?

A
  • If the toxins released by mast cells spread throughout the body a massive mast cell degranulation is triggered.
  • Blood volume is reduced causing cardiac arrest
  • Histamine causes airway constriction
44
Q

When are basophils often seen?

A

In parasitic infection

45
Q

Describe the structure of basophils.

A
  • Contains nucleus with two lobes

- Contains cytoplasmic granules which contain histamine

46
Q

When is histamine released from basophils?

A

When the cell is stimulated

47
Q

What are examples of non-specific humoral factors?

A
  • Growth inhibitors
  • Enzyme inhibitors
  • Lysins
  • Complement proteins
48
Q

What does the complement system do?

A

Bridges a gap between the adaptive and innate immunity

49
Q

What does the complement system consist of?

A

Serum and cell surface proteins

50
Q

What is the outcome of the complement system?

A

Lysis of the target cell and/or opsonisation of pathogens

51
Q

What are the 3 pathways of the complement system?

A
  • Classical
  • Alternative
  • Lectin
52
Q

How does the complement system kill pathogens?

A
  • Proteins act together in an enzyme cascade to form a membrane attack complex making a hole in the pathogen
  • This disrupts the pathogens homeostasis and it dies
53
Q

What are lectins?

A

Sugar binding proteins that are specific for their sugar moieties

54
Q

What is the central event in complement activation?

A

The proteolysis of complement protein C3

55
Q

What pathways are effector mechanisms of the innate immune system?

A
  • Alternative

- Lectin

56
Q

What pathway is the effect mechanism of the adaptive immune system?

A

Classical

57
Q

What is the end product of all 3 pathways?

A

C5 convertase

58
Q

When does the membrane attack complex become active?

A

Once the final protein C9 is bound

59
Q

What mechanisms are in place to ensure the complement doesn’t attack our cells.

A
  • Decay acceleration factor is found on the surface of our cells and accelerates the breakdown of C3bBb
  • C3b can be made inactive by proteins in the blood
60
Q

What are the other functions of the complement system?

A
  • Opsonisation of invaders
  • C3a and C5a serve as chemoattractants
  • Induce lysis of microbes
  • Promote phagocytosis of microbes
  • Stimulate inflammation
  • Stimulate activation of B cells and Ab production
61
Q

What can NK cells kill?

A
  • Tumour cells
  • Virus infected cells
  • Bacteria
  • Parasites
  • Fungi
62
Q

How do NK cells kill?

A
  • They can bore holes in target cells be secreting perforin and forming a MAC.They can then secrete enzymes in via the pore and the cells commit suicide
  • They contain protein FasL which interacts with Fas on the target cell surface. When they connect a signal is given and the target cell commits suicide
63
Q

How can NK cells be activated?

A

By IFN-a and B given off by cells under viral attack

64
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Chemicals used by cells to communicate with other cells

65
Q

What signals can shift macrophages and NK cells to a higher state of activation?

A

LPS

66
Q

What accelerators do macrophages produce?

A

IL-12 and TNF

67
Q

What do NK cells produce in response to IL-12 and TNF?

A

-IFN-y

68
Q

What is the inflammatory response?

A

The battle that macrophages, neutrophils and other immune system cells wage against an invader

69
Q

What is acute inflammation?

A

The initial response of the body to harmful stimuli

70
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

It leads to a progressive shift in the type of cells present at the site of inflammation and is characterised by simultaneous destruction and healing of the tissue from the inflammatory response.

Science for Medicine (50 decks)

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