INTRODUCTION Flashcards
Applied microbiology for the study of the pathogenic microbes and the role of microbes in human illness
Medical microbiology
Applied microbiology for the study of microorganisms that are related to the production of antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, vaccines and other pharmaceutical
contamination and spoil
Pharmaceutical microbiology
Applied microbiology for the exploration of microbes for use in industrial processes
Industrial microbiology
Applied microbiology for the manipulation of microorganisms at the genetic and molecular level to generate useful products
Microbial Biotechnology
Give 2 examples of Industrial Microbiology
Industrial fermentation
Waste-water treatment
Applied microbiology for the study of microorganisms causing food spoilage and food-borne illness. Microorganisms can produce foods, for example by fermentation.
Food microbiology
Applied microbiology for the study of agriculturally relevant microorganisms
Agricultural microbiology
Give 4 subfields of Agricultural Microbiology
Plant microbiology
Soil microbiology
Veterinary microbiology
Environmental microbiology
The study of the interactions between microorganisms and plants and plant pathogens
Plant microbiology or plant pathology
The study of those microorganisms that are found in soil
Soil microbiology
The study of the role in microbes in veterinary medicine or animal taxonomy
Veterinary microbiology
The study of the function and diversity of microbes in their natural environments. This involves the characterization of key bacterial habitats such as the rhizosphere and phyllosphere, soil and groundwater ecosystems, open oceans or extreme environments (extremophiles)
Environmental microbiology
Most useful stain used to visualize bacteria and classify them to 2 groups
Gram Staining
Outline the steps of Gram staining
- Pour on crystal violet stain (a blue dye) and wait
60 sec - Wash off with water and flood with iodine solution and wait 60 sec
- Wash off with water and then decolorize with 95%
alcohol - Counterstain with safranin (a red dye), wait
30 sec and wash off with water.
What do you call the cell wall or the layer just outside the cytoplasmic membrane of a bacteria?
Peptidoglycan layer
Name 3 molecular components of the peptidoglycan layer
Linear polysaccharide
Tretrapeptide
Pentapeptide
Name the penicillin-binding protein enzyme that catalyze the formation of cross-linkages in the peptidoglycan layer
Traspeptidase or Glycopeptide transpeptidase
Name the important polysaccharide present
in the gram-positive bacterial cell wall that acts as an antigenic determinant
Teichoic acid
Name the 3 covalently linked components of the LPS
O-antigen or the outer carbohydrate chains of 1-50 oligosaccharide units
Core polysaccharide
Lipid A
Name the LPS component known as the gram-negative Endotoxin
Lipid A
Name 3 groups of gram-positive circular bacteria
Staphylcocci
Streptococci
Name 1 group of gram-negative circular bacteria
Neisseria
Name 4 groups of gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria
Bacillus
Clostridium
Corynebacterium
Listeria
Name 3 groups of gram-negative spirochaetes
Treponema
Borrelia
Leptospira
Name 2 groups of gram-positive branching filamentous rods
Actinomyces (anaerobic)
Nocardia (partially acid-fast)
Bacteria that can use glycolysis, Krebs TCA cycle and ETC with oxygen as final electron acceptor. These bacteria have catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase.
Obligate aerobes
Name all obligate aerobic bacteria and their stain
Bacillus cereus (Gram+)
Nocardia (partially Gram+ / partially acid-fast)
Mycobacterium (Acid-fast)
Neisseria, Pseudomonas, Bordetella, Legionella, Brucella (Gram–)
Name all facultative anaerobe bacteria and their stain
Staphylococcus, Bacillus antracis, Corynebacterium, Listeria, Actinomyces (Gram+)
Most Gram– Rods
Mycoplasma
Name all microaerophilic bacteria and their stain
Enterococcus, Streptococcus (Gram+)
Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira (Spirochete Gram–)
Campylobacter (Gram–)
Name all obligate anaerobic bacteria and their stain
Clostridium (Gram+)
Bacteroides (Gram–)
Name 2 groups of pleomorphic bacteria
Chlamydia and Rickettsia
Give 2 groups causing pyrogenic toxins
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
A-B toxin subunit for binding to target cell receptor
B or H subunit
A-B toxin subunit for exerting or activating toxic effects
A or L subunits
Medications for TB for the first 2 months
Daily dose of Isoniazid (INH), Rifampicin (RIF), Pyrazinamid (PZA), Ethambutol (EMB)
Necessary medications for TB for the first 6 months
Daily dose of INH & RIF
Second-line agents for MDRTB
Aminoglycoside
Fluoroquinolone
Ethionamide
Cycloserine
Vaccine for TB to prevent miliary spread
Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG)
Leprosy that has poor cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and generalized disease
Lepromatous
Medications for Leprosy
Rifampicin
Dapsone
Clofazimine
Mycobacterium specie that causes chronic granulomatous infection of the skin and is usually acquired from rivers, poorly maintained swimming pools or fish tanks; characterized by encrusted pustular lesions
Mycobacterium marinum
Group 2 Mycobacterium specie associated with farming in Africa and Australia usually affecting the lower limb with a papular lesion which ulcerates and may destroy underlying tissue including bone
Mycobacterium ulcerans
