CHAPTER 2: Innate immunity and normal flora

Question 1

Special enzyme found in tears, saliva, sweat and other bodily fluids that kills gram-positive bacteria

Answer 1

Lysozyme

Question 2

Bacteria that lowers vaginal pH to prevent colonization by pathogens

Answer 2

Lactobacilli

Question 3

Toll-like receptors that recognize LPS

Answer 3

TLR-4

Question 4

Toll-like receptors that recognize unmethylated CpG dinucleotides

Answer 4

TLR-9

Question 5

Antibiotic substances that are produced by the normal flora to suppress other bacteria

Answer 5

Bacteriocins

Question 6

Vector for malaria

Answer 6

Anopheles mosquito

Question 7

Vector for dengue

Answer 7

Aedes aegypti mosquito

Question 8

Body’s physical barrier that secretes sebum and fatty acids to inhibit bacterial growth

Answer 8

Skin

Question 9

Mucociliary clearance mechanism that transports any particle that settles on the sticky mucus of the respiratory epithelium to the oropharynx where it is swallowed

Answer 9

Cilial “Conveyor Belt”

Question 10

Diameter of particle able to reach the alveoli

Answer 10

Less than 5μm

Question 11

Anti-bacterial compound found in breastmilk, which binds iron and inhibits bacterial growth

Answer 11

Lactoferrin

Question 12

Leukocyte enzyme that produces superoxide radicals that are toxic to microorganisms

Answer 12

Lactoperoxidase

Question 13

This action protects the urinary tract by keeping it sterile

Answer 13

Urinary flusing

Question 14

This is any molecule that enhances phagocytosis by marking an antigen for an immune response or marking dead cells for recycling

Answer 14

Opsonin

Question 15

This is a system of plasma protein that collaborate to resist bacterial infection

Answer 15

Complement

Question 16

Complement system pathway that is activated by antigen-antibody binding

Answer 16

Classical pathway

Question 17

Complement system pathway that is activated by direct interaction with bacterial cell wall components

Answer 17

Alternative pathway

Question 18

Attraction of phagocytes in the site of infection

Answer 18

Chemotaxis

Question 19

Give 5 commensal organisms found in the Nasopharynx

Answer 19

Streptococci, Haemophilus, Neisseria, Candida, Actinomyces

Question 20

Give 5 commensal organisms found on the Skin

Answer 20

Staphyloccoci, Streptococci, Corynebacteria, Propionibacteria, Yeast

Question 21

Give 3 commensal organisms found in the Upper bowel

Answer 21

Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococci, Candida

Question 22

Give 4 commensal organisms found in the Lower Bowel

Answer 22

Bacteroides, Bifidobacteria, Clostridium, Peptostreptococci

Question 23

Give 6 commensal organisms found in the Vagina

Answer 23

Lactobacilli, Streptococci, Corynebacteria, Candida, Actinomyces, Mycoplasma hominis

Question 24

Following ____________, patients have defective macrophage function and diminished ability to remove capsulate organisms from the blood.

Answer 24

Splenectomy

Question 25

Congenital deficiency of _________ function leads to chronic pyogenic infections, recurrent chest infections and bronchiectasis.

Answer 25

Neutrophil