CHAPTER 7: Resistance to antibacterial agents

Question 1

Many bacterial species incorporate naked DNA

into their genome a process called _______

Answer 1

Transformation

Question 2

Bacteria contain _________ which are circular DNA structures that are found in the cytoplasm

Answer 2

Plasmids

Question 3

Plasmids can pass from one bacterium to another by ________ allowing resistance genes to spread rapidly in populations of bacterial species that share the same environment.

Answer 3

Conjugation

Question 4

____ and ____ are mobile genetic elements able to encode transposition and move between the chromosomes and plasmids and between bacteria

Answer 4

Transposons and Integrons

Question 5

______ are important in transmission of multiple drug resistance in gram negative pathogens

Answer 5

Integrons

Question 6

Viruses that live in bacteria

Answer 6

Bacteriophages

Question 7

Give 6 Resistance Mechanisms

Answer 7

Antibiotic Modification:
-Enzymatic Inactivation
-Enzymatic Addition
Impermeability
Efflux
Alternative Pathway
Altered Target

Question 8

Resistance Mechanism of degrading antibiotics (e.g. β-lactamases)

Answer 8

Enzyme Inactivation

Question 9

Resistance Mechanism of expressing enzymes that add an inactivating chemical group to the antibiotic (e.g. Aminoglycosides)

Answer 9

Enzyme Addition

Question 10

Give 3 common inactivating chemical groups added by bacteria to Aminoglycoside to become resistant

Answer 10

Acetyl, amino and adenosine group

Question 11

The least susceptible Aminoglycoside to enzyme addition

Answer 11

Amikacin

Question 12

Aminoglycosides enter bacteria by an oxygen-dependent transport mechanism and so have little effect against _________ organisms

Answer 12

Anaerobic

Question 13

An inner membrane protein that actively pumps the antibiotic out of the cell

Answer 13

Efflux pump

Question 14

Antibiotics that are usually pumped out by resistant E. coli and Streptococci

Answer 14

Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Fluoroquinolones

Question 15

Bacteria may acquire genes that create an _____________ that can circumvent the metabolic block imposed by an antibiotic

Answer 15

Alternative pathway

Question 16

Gene acquired by Staphilococcus aureus to encode an alternative penicillin-binding protein (PBP2’)

Answer 16

mecA

Question 17

S. aureus adapting alternative pathway can be resistant to which drugs?

Answer 17

Methicillin

Flucloxacillin

Question 18

Resistance mechanism against Rifampicin through RNA polymerase and Fluoroquinolones for DNA gyrase

Answer 18

Alteration of target site