Intro to Anatomy (Quiz 1) Flashcards
What are the 4 humours?
red= blood/ inflammation yellow= bile/ jaundice white= phlegm/ WBC's black= cancer/ depression (discredited by Vesalius)
When was the first autopsy done?
In 44BC on Julius Caesar
Where was the first medical school to use human body dissection?
In Italy in 1235
Later in 1510, DaVinci does human dissection
What is the “Murder Act”?
1752 in England, it became legal for medical schools to legally dissect bodies of executed murderers. To further increase the supply of cadavers, the government increased the number of crimes which hanging was a punishment
Who was the first person to describe cancers of the lungs as ‘large as an orange’ and ‘stomach of fungous appearance’?
Matthew Baillie
What is the “Anatomy Act”?
In 1832, Great Britain provided cheap, legal cadavers of those who died in caretaker institutions to medical schools
Gross anatomy
can be examined by naked eye
Regional anatomy
abdominal, lower/ upper limbs…
Systemic anatomy
respiratory, digestive, urinary…
Surface anatomy
what do structures look like at the surface of the skin
Histology/ Microscopic anatomy
can not be seen by the naked eye
Embryology
development of body structures before birth
X Ray
- electromagnetic waves of very short length
- best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense structures (tumours)
- only 2D, organs are hard to differentiate
CT/ CAT
- fast, cheap, 3D
- not good for nerves and joints
PET
- detects regions of cellular activity (metabolically active) by injecting radioactively tagged molecules
- identifies body’s active cells which are indicative of increased blood supply
Sonography
-high frequency sound waves echo off the body’s tissues and are used to visualize structures
MRI
- produces high quality images of soft tissues
- distinguishes body tissues based on relative H2O content
- knee, brain, kidney
Integumentary system
- forms external body covering (skin, hair, nails, glands)
- protects deeper tissues from injury
- synthesizes vitamin D
- site of cutaneous receptors and glands
Skeletal system
- protects and supports body organs
- provides a framework for muscles
- blood cells formed within bones
- stores minerals
Muscular system
- allows manipulation of environment
- locomotion
- facial expression
- maintains posture
- produces heat
Nervous system
- fast acting control system
- responds to internal and external changes
Endocrine system
glands secrete hormones that regulate
- growth
- reproduction
- nutrient use
Cardiovascular system
- blood vessels transport blood
- carries O2, CO2, nutrient, waste
- heart pumps blood through blood vessels
Lymphatic system/ Immunity
- picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels
- disposes of debris in the lymphatic system
- houses WBC’s
- mounts attack against foreign substances
Respiratory system
- keeps blood supplied with O2
- removes CO2
- gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in lungs
Digestive system
- breaks down food into absorbable units
- indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces
Urinary system
- eliminates nitrogenous waste
- regulates water, electrolyte, and acid base balance
Which systems interact to provide cells with O2?
respiratory and cardiovascular
_________ produces vitamin D needed for calcium absorption and bone growth
skin
__________ produces cells which help skin resist infection
bone marrow
Superior and Inferior
- towards the head
- away from the head
Anatomical position
- standing upright
- facing observer
- eyes forward
- feet flat on floor
- arms at side
- palms forward
Dorsal and Ventral
- (posterior) at back of body
- (anterior) at front of body
Medial and Lateral
- nearer to midline of body
- farther from midline of body
Proximal and Distal
(limbs only)
- nearer to the attachment of the limb to the trunk
- farther from the attachment of the limb to the trunk
Superficial and Deep
- toward or at body surface
- away from body surface
Sagittal plane
divides body into left and right sections
Midsagittal/ Median plane
produces equal halves
Parasagittal plane
produces unequal halves
Frontal/ Coronal plane
divides body into anterior and posterior sections
Transverse plane
(cross sectional or horizontal plane)
divides body into superior and inferior sections
Dorsal body cavity
composed of cranial and vertebral cavity
Thoracic cavity
encircled by ribs, sternum, vertebral column
- 2 pleural cavities surrounding a lung
- pericardial cavity surrounding heart
- mediastinum
Abdominopelvic cavity
divided into abdominal and pelvic cavities
- encircled by abdominal wall, bones and muscles of pelvis
- contains digestive, urinary, and reproductive structures
Viscera
organs within ventral body cavity
(not open to outside)
-covered with serous membrane (visceral layer)
What layer lines walls of cavities?
parietal layer
Visceral pleura/ Parietal pleura
- clings to surface of lungs
- lines chest wall
Visceral pericardium/ Parietal pericardium
- covers heart
- lines pericardial sac
Visceral/ Parietal peritoneum
- covers abdominal viscera
- lines abdominal wall
Retroperitoneal organs
organs located between the parietal peritoneum and posterior abdominal wall
(kidneys and adrenal glands)
A- / An- / Anano
not, against
ex. anaphylaxis
Dia-
complete
ex. diagnosis
Ecto-
outer, outside
ex. ectopic pregnancy (outside the uterus)
Hyper-
too much, excessive
ex. hyperventilation
Hypo-
too little, below normal
ex. hypoglycemia
Peri-
around, surrounding
ex. peritoneum
Pro-
before, in front
ex. prostate
Retro-
behind
ex. retroperitoneum
Sub-
below
ex. subaortic
Trans-
through, across
ex. transplant
-algia
pain
ex. fibromyalgia
-cyte
cell
-ectomy
removal
-emia
blood condition
-itis
inflammation
-oma
tumor, mass
-opsy
to view
