interactionist & labelling c&d T4

Question 1

nature of C&D is socially constructed

Answer 1

Becker- subjective decisions made by moral entrepreneurs
deviance is simply behaviour agencies of social control label
varies over time & between cultures

Question 2

moral entrepreneurs

Answer 2

Becker - agents of social control

Question 3

ethnomethodologists view

Answer 3

deviance is in the eye of the beholder - one person may see as deviant, another not

Question 4

extent of c&d socially constructed

Answer 4

• selective labelling
• consequences of labelling

Question 5

Becker - selective labelling

Answer 5

• amount is shaped by selective law enforcement
• label depends on who did and observed, when, where & negotiations between social actors
• powerless groups more likely to be labelled

Question 6

Becker - consequence of labelling

Answer 6

• extent affected by labelling
• labels amplify deviance
• labels = master status that dominates how others see them
• SFP
• once label is accepted = deviant subcultures = more frequent

Question 7

Cicourel

Answer 7

police officer ‘typifications’ led them to concentrate on ‘types’ = class bias = w/c neighbourhoods become more policed so more arrests

Question 8

police typifications

Answer 8

theories or stereotypes of what a typical criminal is like

Question 9

how does Cicourel argue justice is negotiable?

Answer 9

m/c are in a better position to negotiate with control agencies and are typically ‘counselled, warned and released’ not prosecuted

Question 10

Lemert

Answer 10

primary deviance which hasn’t been labelled has few consequences
once deviancy is labelled = secondary and affects individual
societal reaction = stigma, master status, SFP, further deviance

Question 11

mass media and amplification

Answer 11

media demonise deviance by creating moral panics

Question 12

why is reintegrative shaming preferred to disintegrative?

Answer 12

crime rates are lower when the act is labelled not the offender

Question 13

why do labelling theorists believe in the decriminalisation of soft drugs?

Answer 13

fewer rules to break

Question 14

Goffman’s positive evaluation

Answer 14

hospitalisation of mentally ill leads to mortification, labelling, master status, SFP, institutionalisation, amplification & stigma = validity

Question 15

Young’s positive evaluation

Answer 15

once Nottigh Hill hippies had been labelled for primary deviance (occasional weed use) they saw themselves as outsiders and developed subcultures involving more ‘way out’ clothing, long hair & drug use central activity
increased police attention & SFPs

Question 16

Triplett positive evaluation

Answer 16

zero-tolerance approach in USA = increase in offending (particularly violence) = negative labelling pushes towards deviant career

Question 17

Fuller negative evaluation

Answer 17

too deterministic. year 11 black girls rejected labels and used as a motivator

Question 18

realist evaluation with OCS

Answer 18

too readily dismiss OCS. accept subject to bias but show basic reality of crime and are useful in generating casual explanations

Question 19

marxist evaluation

Answer 19

• weak view of power & control
• selective law enforcement protects powerful
• directs attention away
• fail to consider wider structural origins and causes (capitalism & economic inequality)
• only partial view

Question 20

left realist evaluation

Answer 20

• too readily explain away young, male, w/c, black crime as a social construction
• real wider causes
• response to marginalisation, relative deprivation, subcultures
• neglect victim