crime prevention T13

Question 1

right realist methods

Answer 1

• environmental crime prevention
• situational crime prevention

Question 2

Clarke

Answer 2

• people will commit crime when opportunity arises
• better to prevent crime than make it more difficult to happen

Question 3

three features of measures aimed at situational crime

Answer 3

• directed at specific crimes
• involve managing/altering immediate environment of the crime
• aim at increasing the effort and risks of committing crime and reducing rewards

Question 4

Felson - situational

Answer 4

remodelling of Port Authority Bus Terminal in NYC where the reshaping of physical environment to ‘design out’ crime led to dramatic decrease

Question 5

examples of situational crime prevention

Answer 5

• zero-tolerance policing
• CCTV (London Underground 1975 drop by 27%)

Question 6

Chaiken et al - evaluation of situational

Answer 6

• doesn’t reduce, just displaces
• spatial
• temporal
• target
• tactical
• functional

Question 7

focus of environmental crime prevention

Answer 7

enhancing social control

Question 8

Wilson & Kelling

Answer 8

• ‘broken windows’ leave a message that no-one cares
• lack of social & informal control + police interested in serious crime = neighbourhood becomes tipped into downward spiral = respectable people over out & becomes deviance magnet

Question 9

environmental crime prevention solutions

Answer 9

• environmental improvement strategy (fix broken windows)
• zero tolerance policing

Question 10

evidence for zero-tolerance policing success

Answer 10

• introduced in NYC
• clean car programme (graffiti removed from subway)
• crackdown on squeegee merchants found many had outstanding warrants
• 1993-6 50% drop on homicide rates

Question 11

evaluation of zero tolerance policing

Answer 11

• same period 7,000 police introduced & general decline in major US cities
• increasing employment rates & decline in availability of crack cocaine
• deaths fell but not attempts
  = was it really zero-tolerance policing?

Question 12

left realism

Answer 12

social community prevention

Question 13

social community prevention focus

Answer 13

address social causes of crime

Question 14

long term causes of crime (LR)

Answer 14

poverty, marginalisation, relative deprivation & criminal subcultures

Question 15

why does placing emphasis on potential offenders and social context prevent crime?

Answer 15

seek to tackle root cause of crime

Question 16

LR policies to prevent crime

Answer 16

• multi-agency working to tackle crime
• tackling social deprivation by improving community facilities
• intensive parenting support (sure start)
• more democratic and community control policing

Question 17

marxist evaluation of social and community prevention

Answer 17

ignore crime of powerful and assume committed by just disadvantaged

Question 18

green theorist evaluation

Answer 18

environmental crime ignored