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Sociology > gender, crime & justice T8 > Flashcards

gender, crime & justice T8 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

lack of female offending OCS response

A

functionalists & radical feminists accept OCS and believe females are less criminally inclined than men

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2
Q

functionalist sex role theory theorists

A

parsons
Cohen

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3
Q

feminist control theory theorists

A

Abbott & Wallace
Heidersohn

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4
Q

functionalist sex role theory

A
  • females socialised into expressive role e.g. caring and nurturing
  • males are socialised to be more tough, risk taking etc so crime more likely to occur
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5
Q

Cohen - sex role theory

A

males socialised into masculinity and may use street subcultures as a source of expressing this.
status earned through toughness, risk taking and delinquency

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6
Q

theoretical evaluation of sex role theory

A

New Right supports Cohen. Absence of male role models in single parent families lead boys to turn to criminal street gangs for status and identity

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7
Q

feminist control theory

A
  • females have less opportunity to commit crime due to being more controlled in society
  • if females’ roles are at home as mother/housewife there is less opportunity
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8
Q

other reasons women don’t commit crime

A

less likely to be in delinquent subculture so less peer pressure

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9
Q

empirical evaluation on why women don’t commit crime

A

media research into violent women suggests female crime is significant and growing (girl gangs & female domestic abusers)
e.g. 2018- 1,509 knife crime offences (73% increase in 5 years). validity of rad feminists should be questioned

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10
Q

OCS response to underrepresentation

A

Social constructionists reject

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11
Q

social constructionist - types of crime

A

men & women more likely to commit different types of crime - women less serious so less likely to be reported (shoplifting) = underrepresentation in OCS

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12
Q

chivalry thesis theorist

A

Pollak

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13
Q

chivalry thesis

A

traditional chivalry socialisation means police/judges might be more lenient on women as more protective of women
women also show more remorse

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14
Q

positive empirical evaluation of underrepresentation of females

A
  • Ministry of Justice found females more likely to receive police cautions
  • Hedderman & Hough claim far lord likely to receive custodial sentence for all serious offences
    = validity
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15
Q

negative empirical evaluation for underrepresentation of females

A
  • Farrington & Morris - magistrates treat women the same for theft
  • Walklate - patriarchal CJS = biased against women e.g. rape victims feel like they are on trial
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16
Q

explaining female criminality

A
  • liberation thesis
  • rejection of class & gender deals
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17
Q

Carlen

A

rejection of class and gender deals (feminist control theory)

18
Q

rejection of class and gender deals

A
  • some w/c have been let down by society e.g. job offering low / domestic violence in family unit = these women in ‘pink collar ghetto’ turn to crime and reject these deals as a way out for powerless women
19
Q

positive theoretical evaluation for rejection of class and gender deals

A

Pomo Naffine - rime is linked to poverty as changes in global economies has given rise to a ‘pink-collar ghetto’ of insecure, low wage, part time jobs. crime is an economic necessity

20
Q

Adler

A

liberation thesis

21
Q

liberation thesis (Pomo)

A
  • women now more liberated in society e.g. Cherrie Blair unable to become top judge 100 years ago
  • rise in employment = white collar crime
  • shift in gender roles = more aggressive
  • more freedoms to commit crime
22
Q

positive empirical evaluation of liberation thesis

A

Tara Young research into girl gangs - whilst girl gangs equal to males are rare, there are plenty of groups which engage in wide range of deviant behaviour

23
Q

negative empirical evaluation of liberation thesis

A

Chesney-Lind - most criminals w/c (least likely to be influenced by liberation)

24
Q

why do men commit crime?

A

Messerschmidt (PoMo) - expression of masculinity

25
Q

white w/c youth

A

oppositional masculinity in and out of school (toughness, sexism, anti-school)

26
Q

black w/c youth

A

gang violence to express masculinity - street robbery to achieve subordinated masculinity

27
Q

white m/c youth

A

accommodating/conformist masculinity in schools, oppositional outside (drinking, vandalism)
turn to white collar crime as adults for hegemonic masculinity

28
Q

evaluation of Messerschmidt

A

doesn’t explain why not all men use crime to accomplish masculinity

29
Q

globalisation increasing male crime

A

rise to de-industrialisation and unemployment = turn to street gangs for masculinity

30
Q

Winlow

A

night time economy (Sunderland bouncers)

31
Q

expansion of night time economy

A
  • gives bouncers opportunity to demonstrate masculinity through violence
  • have paid work & opportunity for illegal business ventures in drugs, duty-free tobacco etc
  • use ‘bodily capital’ to maintain reputation
32
Q

left realist evaluation of masculinity & crime

A

underlying structural causes of male crime ignored - marginalisation, relative deprivation & subcultures

33
Q

biological evaluation of masculinity & crime

A

reject social explanations and favour hormonal explanations like high levels of testosterone

34
Q

Katz

A

emotional thrill that causes men to commit crime

35
Q

Lyng

A

young males seek pleasure through risk taking aspect pf deviant behaviour (‘edge work’)

36
Q

problems with domestic violence stats

A
  • underestimate size of problem
  • victim fear to report
  • police & CPS don’t want tp involve inn family life - women can leave
  • underestimate male victims
  • males less likely to report as embarrassed
37
Q

domestic violence stats

A
  • 99% of violence against women committed by men
  • 1/4 women assaulted by a partner at some point
  • most victims w/c, live in rented accommodation & poor
  • violence common against children and elders
38
Q

Kelly

A
  • risk of SA and domestic violence is result of patriarchy
  • product of male power & control
  • women who challenge authority/don’t carry out duties = victims
39
Q

positive empirical evaluation of Kelly

A

Debase & Dobash - domestic violence triggered by perception wife is challenging authority so product of patriarchal marriage relationships

40
Q

negative empirical evaluation of Kelly

A

Wilkinson - domestic violence os result of stresses that go with social inequality not patriarchy (low income & overcrowded housing)

Sociology (26 decks)

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