Intelligence Flashcards
What must psychological tests be?
Reliable and valid
What determines test reliability?
A test’s consistency;
Does it give similar scores every time?
How is test reliability tested?
By comparing test scores by the same person at different times;
If the person’s score improves the second time, the test lacks reliability
What determines test validity?
Does it measure accurately what it is supposed to measure?
What are some factors affecting intelligence?
-Education or economic background
-Motivation (How frequent failure and obstacles hinder success)
-Cultural bias (A test would give advantage for a particular bias and this can be expressed in several ways)
What is a bell curve?
Graph were a large majority of subjects fall into the middle
What are the causes of intellectual disabilities?
-Alcohol or drugs when pregnant
-Malnutrition during pregnancy
-Genetic disorders (Down syndrome, etc.)
-Accidents (Brain damage, toxic chemicals, etc.)
What is a learning disability?
Is a cognitive disorder that affects different areas of cognition, particularly language or reading
Are learning disabilities the same as intellectual disabilties?
No
What are learning disabilities considered?
Specific neurological impairments rather than intellectual or developmental disabilities
What is dysgraphia?
Struggle to write legibly
What is dyslexia?
Exhibits an inability to correctly process letters;
The neurological mechanism for sound processing does not work properly in someone with dyslexia
What is dyscalculia?
Difficulty in learning or comprehending arithmetic;
Difficulty in math comprehension
What is intelligence?
The ability to learn from experience, to think rationally, and to deal with the environment effectively;
The natural ability to learn
How many theories of intelligence are there?
Five
What is Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory?
Intelligence has two factors: a G factor and S factor
What is the G factor?
General intelligence or abilities to reason and solve problems
What is the S factor?
Specific factors that account for particular abilities
What is Thurstone’s Theory of Primary Mental Abilities?
Louis Thurstone believed that there were seven separate factors of primary mental abilities
What are the seven factors Thurstone identified? (Part 1)
-Visual and spatial relations
-Perceptual speed
-Numerical ability
-Verbal comprehension
What are the seven factors Thurstone identified? (Part 2)
-Memory
-Word fluency
-Deductive and inductive reasoning
What is Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences?
Howard Gardner identified eight different kinds of intelligence within us
What eight different intelligences did Gardner identify? (Part 1)
-Linguistic intelligence
-Logical mathematical intelligence
-Visual/spatial
-Body kinesthetic
What eight different intelligences did Gardner identify? (Part 2)
-Musical rhythmic
-Interpersonal intelligence
-Intrapersonal intelligence
-Naturalistic
What is Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory?
Sternberg believed that there were three parts of intelligence:
-Analytic: ability to solve problems
-Practical: ability to accomplish everyday tasks
-Creative: ability to deal with new situations
What is Daniel Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence Theory?
Goleman believed that five factors were involved in academic or occupational success
What five factors did Goleman identify? (Part 1)
-Self awareness: ability to recognize one’s one feelings
-Mood management: ability to separate one from unpleasant feelings
-Self motivation: ability to move ahead with confidence and enthusiasm
What five factors did Goleman identify? (Part 2)
-Impulse control: ability to delay pleasure until the task at hand is accomplished
-People skillls: ability to empathize, understand, communicate, and cooperate with others
What are the two emerging intelligence theories?
-Social quotient
-Adversity quotient
What is the social quotient?
One’s ability to interact and communicate with others with empathy and assertiveness;
Includes the ability to build a network of friends and maintain it over a long period of time
What is the adversity quotient?
Refers to one’s ability to overcome challenges of adversity
