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Pathology -- Infectious Disease > Infectious Disease -- Parasites I - Protazoa > Flashcards

Infectious Disease -- Parasites I - Protazoa Flashcards

1
Q

What are protazoa?

A

Single-celled organisms with complex cytoplasmic oranelles; most motile

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2
Q

Are protazoa intra or extracellular?

A

Both

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3
Q

Most protazoa are spread by…

A

Fecal Oral

Some by insect bites, entry through the skin

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4
Q

Normal protazoa life cycle

A

Adult motile form and cyst form
Characteristically intestinal
Usually commensals that cause no disease

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5
Q

Two protazoa with complex life cycles?

A

Malaria and Trypanosomiasis

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6
Q

Tissue destruction with protazoa is caused by…

A

Invasion of host tissues by the organism

NOT the immune responses

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7
Q

IgE is used to kill…

A

Multicellular organisms (not protazoa)

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8
Q

Four main kinds of malaria? Who is worst?

A
  • Falciparum, vivax, ovale, malariae

- Falciparum

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9
Q

Two types of resistance that are messing up malaria treatment?

A

DDT resistant mosquitos

Chloroquine resistant Falciparum

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10
Q

Clinical features of all malaria forms?

A

Anemia, Fever

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11
Q

Describe the malaria life cycle from bite to exiting liver

A

Sporozoites released into the blood w/ mosquito bite
Invade the Liver
Rapidly form thousands of merozoites
Hepatocyte ruptures, releasing merozoites

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12
Q

Describe the malaria life cycle from liver exit to bite

A

Merozoites bind sialic residues on RBCs
Multiply in RBCs
Cells rupture and release more merozoites
In RBCs, for ringed, trophozoite ringed form
Some form gametocytes, which infect the mosquito on blood meal

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13
Q

What markers to malaria protazoa use to find the liver

A

Thrombospondin and Properdin receptors

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14
Q

How do malaria protazoa detoxify heme?

Which drug prevents this?

A

Forming a paracrystaline precipitate (hemozoin

Chloroquine

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15
Q

What structural change occurs with falciparum matures to schizont form?

A

Display sequestrins which bind to ICAM-1 on endothelial cells
Display thrombospondin receptor and CD46

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16
Q

____ Confers some immunity to malaria infected Hepatocytes via T-cell mediated response

A

HLA-B53

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17
Q

RBC changes that alter malaria infectivity include…

A

Duffy-negative African Americans

Sickle RBCs change shape on infection (early spleen isolation)

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18
Q

Problem with malaria schizont form

A

They’re inflexible
They don’t enter the spleen
Can cause splenomegaly + hepatomegaly

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19
Q

Hemolysis of infected RBCs causes what noteable symptoms

A

Hemoglobinuria (Black Water Fever)

Kidney Damage

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20
Q

What does free hemoglobin do to the organs?

A

Pigmentation

Esp. in Kupfer cells

21
Q

Effects of falciparum

A

Severe anemia, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cerebral symptoms, and death

22
Q

What causes the higher parisitemia of falciparum

A

Infection of all ages of RBCs

23
Q

How does falciparum tend to kill you?

Especially in kids

A

Cerebral Involvement

24
Q

Species specific details for vivax and ovale

A

Not life threatening (usually)

Infection of reticulocytes

25
Q

Specific details for P. malariae

A

Non-life threatening (usually)
Mature RBCs
low grade parasitemia that can last up to 40 years
Glomerulonephritis

26
Q

What does a malaria spleen look like?

A

Congested and Enlarged
In chronic infection – fibrotic and brittle w/ thick capsule
Gray/Black parenchyma (from RBC, debris, and hemozoin)

27
Q

What does a malaria Liver look like?

A

Progressively enlarged and pigmented (mostly Kupfer cells)

28
Q

What does a malaria Kidney look like?

A

Enlarged, congested with pigment and hemoglobin casts

29
Q

What does a malaria heart look like?

A

Focal hypoxic lesions (progresive anemia and circulatory stasis)

30
Q

What does a falciparum brain look like?

A

Vessels plugged with parasitized cells
Ring hemorrhages focal ischemia and softening
Small focal inflammatory reactions (malarial and Durck’s granulomas)

31
Q

What is the major toxin of Eosinophils?

A

Major basic Protein

Puts holes in the big invaders

32
Q

Describe microscopic appearance of brain capillary in Falciparum infection

A

Obstructed

RBCs look like they have nuclei, but they’re actually schizonts

33
Q

What is Winterbottom’s sign?

A

Pronounces lymphadenopathy seen in African Sleeping Sickness

34
Q

Parasites that disseminate in immunosuppressed individuals

A

Cryptosporidiosis

Toxoplasmosis

35
Q

Four parasite tissue invaders

A

Toxoplasmosis
Leishmaniasis
Naegleria
Acanthoameba

36
Q

Leishmaniasis is almost the same as sleeping sickness. Where do they differ

A

Trypanosomiasis – RBC

Leishmaniasis – Macrophages

37
Q

What does IL-4 do?

A

Promotes IgE production

38
Q

What does Il–5 do?

A

Stabilizes Eosinophil population

39
Q

What parasite is associated with Cholangiocarcinoma?

A

Liver flukes

40
Q

Four small intestinal parasites

A

Giardia
Hookworm
Strongyloides
Ascaris

41
Q

Onchocerca volvulus is also known as…

A

River Blindness

42
Q

Body/Head Lice are vectors of…

A

Ricketsia prowazeki
Trench fever (Rochalimaea quintana)
Borrellia recurrentis

43
Q

What to know about crab louse?

A

Sexually Transmitted Ectoparasite
Causes “Blue spots”, painless, don’t disappear with pressure, in deeper tissues. Last several days after bite where poisonous saliva is injected.

44
Q

Symptoms of scabies?

A

Intense pruritis lesions mediated by IgE

Recurs every month when locally laid eggs hatch

45
Q

What are chiggers?

A

Larvae of mites that take of residence in hair follicles

46
Q

Why do chiggers itch?

A

They inject a digestive enzyme that ruptures cells, causing an intense local inflammatory response

47
Q

How do people get Rhinosporidiosis?

A

Traumatic inoculation of organism from water source

48
Q

Symptoms of Rhinosporidiosis?

A

Granulomatous tissue in MM –> Polyp formation

Infection of nose, nasopharynx, conjunctiva

Pathology -- Infectious Disease (23 decks)

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