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Pathology -- Infectious Disease > Infectious Disease -- Intro > Flashcards

Infectious Disease -- Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Infectious due to endogenous bacteria are usually secondary to _______

A

some other alteration in tissue structure/function

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2
Q

Examples of mechanisms for normal flora causing disease

A

Perforation of the intestine
Obstruction of draining pathways with overgrowth
(ear, sinus, obstructive pneumonia)
Alteration in host defenses (Candida)

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3
Q

What four bacteria should always be considered with pneumonia

A

Strep pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Staph Aureus
Moraxella catarrhalis

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4
Q

Bacterial respiratory infections with normal flora often follow….

A

viral infections causing swelling and obstruction

ex. OM, Sinusitis, Pneumonia

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5
Q

95% of bacterial pneumonias are

A

Strep pneumoniae

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6
Q

List three common disease causing bacteria that are not commonly found in mouth, nose, oropharynx

A

S pyogenes
H. influenza (type B)
Neisseria meningitidis

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7
Q

Why does the site of propagation matter in exogenous flora?

A

In part, it determines the effectiveness of immune mechanisms

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8
Q

What immuno-evasive manuever to the major causes of meningitis all share?

A

Capsules

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9
Q

What is an exotoxin?

A

A soluble, secreted toxin

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10
Q

What is an endotoxin

A

An insoluble component of the invading organism (LPS)

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11
Q

What are the most common causes of meningitis?

A

N. Meningitidis
S. pneumo
E coli
H. influ (type B)

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12
Q

How do capsules help bacteria cause meningitis

A

They prevent complement binding to the bacteria, allowing it to have a better chance of successfully migrating through the blood into the CSF, where Adaptive Immune response will play a minimal role

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13
Q

Three special host features that may play an essential role in diagnosis

A

Age
Immune Status
Concurrent or Pre-Existing Disease

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14
Q

Is S. aureus normal flora?

A

Yes, skin and mucosal surfaces

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15
Q

How does S. aureus propagate?

A

Extracellular

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16
Q

Staph aureus toxins?

A

Exotoxins –> Toxic Shock and Food Poisoning

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17
Q

S. aureus immune response

A

Mostly neutrophils

18
Q

Non-toxin virulence factors of S aureus

A

Coagulase

19
Q

Four ways for a human to be infected by an organism

A

Come into contact
Colonizing organism gets past barrier
Changes in local condition cause overgrowth
Some combination

20
Q

Inability to produce immunoglobulin – increased susceptibility to…

A

Encapsulated organisms

21
Q

Lack of cellular immunity – increased susceptibility to…

A

Intracellular Organisms

22
Q

Lack of neutrophil fxn – increased susceptibility to…

A

Staph and Strep

23
Q

Lack of phagocytic clearing mechanism – increased susceptibility to…

A

Encapsulated organisms

24
Q

Concept of contagion is based on two principles…

A

Limiting Exposure to virulent organisms

Not allowing virulent organisms to grow where they don’t belong

25
Q

What is a nosocomial infection

A

Disease originating in a hospital

26
Q

Organisms commonly found in the mouth, nose, and oropharynx

A 
S. aureus
S. epidermidis
Peptostreptococcal sp.
alpha and non-hemolytic streptococci
anaerobic streptococci, bacteriodes
Candida albicans
27
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A
  1. Organism is regularly found in the lesion of the disease
  2. Organism can be isolated as single colonies on solid medium
  3. Inoculation of this culture causes lesions in experimental animal
  4. Organisms can be recovered from lesions in the animal
28
Q

Difference betwen a high and low virulence pathogen

A

High – Causes disease in a normal host

Low – Causes disease only in hosts with low resistance or impaired defenses

29
Q

Five things that determine pathogenicity

A
  1. Ability to establish infection/reproduce in host
  2. Generation of products which directly damage host
  3. Induction of host-cellular responses
  4. Changes in virulence of org
  5. Changes in host
30
Q

Changes in host that are most prone to cause pathogenicity changes

A

Alteration of tissue environment (obstruction of tube)

Changes in immune status

31
Q

Six famous examples of exotoxins

A 
Diptheria
Pseudomonas
Streptococcus
Vibrio cholera
Clostridia
Staphylococcus
32
Q

Endotoxins are assocaited with what negative symptoms

A

DIC, Septic Shock

33
Q

Describe the tissue seen in Suppurative inflammation

A

Exuberant Neutrophillic Response, Possible Abscess
Bacterial products aid in chemotaxis+activation
Exotoxins enhance inflamm resp
Fibrinopurulent exudates in the presence of epithelial necrosis can cause pseudomembranes

34
Q

What is a granulomatous response

A

A specialized cell-mediated type 4 reaction to chronic intracellular infection

35
Q

Example of a caseous granuloma?

Non-caseous?

A

Cas – TB

Non – Histoplasmosis, Blastomycosis

36
Q

What happens in necrotizing inflammation

Examples?

A

Organisms have VFs that directly destroy cells. Few inflammatory cells seen in response to necrosis.
C. perfringens, Entamoeba histolytica

37
Q

Most virulent organisms have evolved some specific strategy for bypassing natural barriers and/or subverting the immune system. Give examples

A

More encapsulated organisms with no Igs
More intracellulars with lack of cellular immunity
More staph, strep with diminished neutrophil function
More encapsulated organisms - lack of clearing mechanisms (like spleen)

38
Q

The price of the failure to comply with the concept of contagion

A

Nosocomial Infections

39
Q

Sterile technique is used any time…

A

a natural barrier may be breached

40
Q

Four things you may need to do in therapeutic intervention in infectious disease

A

Treat the underlying disease
Prevent contagious spread
shore up natural barriers
Alter the immune response

Pathology -- Infectious Disease (23 decks)

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