Infectious Disease -- Parasite Packet #2

Question 1

Babesiosis method ot transmission

Answer 1

Deer Ticks

Question 2

Symptoms of Babesiosis?

Answer 2

Fever + Hemolytic Anemia

Mild unless patient is asplenic/IC

Question 3

African Sleeping Sickness is caused by what organism…

Answer 3

Trypanosome rhodesiense

Question 4

Symptoms of African Sleeping Sickness?

Answer 4

Proliferation of Kinetopastid form of RBCs
Intermittent fevers, lymphadenopathy, Splenomegaly
Progressive Brain Dysfunction (Leptomeningtis), Cachexia, Death

Question 5

Trypanosome rhodesiense is transmitted by…

Answer 5

Tsetse Fly

Question 6

What is Cachexia?

Answer 6

Wasting of the body due to chronic illness

Question 7

What causes the fever spikes seen in African Sleeping Sickness?

Answer 7

Immune-mediated killing of large numbers of organisms. Genetic rearrangement allows for escape of some organisms for another round of infection.

Question 8

Counterintuitive components of the African Sleeping Sickness/Host Immune response relationship

Answer 8

Interferon gamma production by CD8 cells stimulates parasite growth.

Question 9

Tissue destruction in African Sleeping Sickness is caused by…

Answer 9

Antigen-Antibody complex deposition

Release of lysosomal enzymes form degenerating phagocytes

Question 10

Dermatological symptoms in African Sleeping Sickness?

Answer 10

At site of inset bite, a large, red, rubbery chancre

Ulcer+mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate

Question 11

Chagas’ disease is caused by…

Answer 11

Trypanosma Cruzi

Question 12

Chagas’ disease is transmitted via…

Answer 12

Kissing Bugs

They feed on sleeping inhabitants and pass infection via feces

Question 13

Erythematous site of entry in Chagas’ disease?

Answer 13

Chagoma

Question 14

Chagas’ disease is an infection of what cell type?

Answer 14

Primarily Macrophages
It avoids killing by moving from lysosome into the cytosol
Can also get muscle cells

Question 15

How do Trypanosma get back out of macrophages in Chagas’ disease?

Answer 15

After they develop flagella, they burst the macrophage to infect other cells

Question 16

Symptoms of acute Chagas’ disease?

Answer 16

Cardiac Damage/Failure
Fever
Generalized Lymphadenopathy/Splenomegaly

Question 17

Symptoms of Chronic Chagas’ disease?

Answer 17

Autoantibodies and T cells cross react with host myocardial, nerve, lymphocyte, and extracellular proteins.
Dilated cardiomyopathy and cardiac arrythmias.

Question 18

Pathology in Acute Chagas’ myocarditis?

Answer 18

Formation of intracellular pseudocysts
Focal myocardial cell necrosis
4 chamber dilation

Question 19

Pathology in Chronic Chagas’ disease myocarditis

Answer 19

Dilated heart with mural thrombi
Interstitial and perivascular infiltrates (mono,lympho, plasma)
Cardiac Cell necrosis and interstitial fibrosis

Question 20

How is Toxoplasmosis spread?

Answer 20

Cat feces, undercooked pork/lamb

Question 21

Normal Pathogenesis of Toxoplasmosis?

Answer 21

Parasite enters thru gut, spreads systemically
Cysts containing bradyzoites remain dormant for years
Controlled by T cell mediated response

Question 22

How do AIDS patients typically develop Toxoplasmosis?

Answer 22

Reactivation of dormant organisms from cysts

Question 23

Effects of Toxoplasmosis on 1st trimester fetus?

Answer 23

Destroy developing heart, brain, and lungs

Can also cause chorioretinitis

Question 24

Pathology of Toxoplasmosis (normally)?

Answer 24

Lymphadenopathy

Follicular Hypertrophy

Question 25

Pathology of neonatal toxoplasmosis?

Answer 25

Destructive lesions of the CNS of microglial nodules
Extensive CNS necrosis, vascular thrombosis
Intense Inflammation
Necrosis of liver, heart, lung, Adrenals

Question 26

How is Leishmaniasis spread?

Answer 26

Released into skin by sandfly

Question 27

Cellular pathogenesis of Leishmaniasis

Answer 27

Leishmaniae phago. by macrophages
Transform to round amaztigotes w/ kinetoplast
Divide in phagosomes
Rupture m.phage to infect others

Question 28

Three forms of Leishmaniasis?

Answer 28

Cutaneous
Mucocutaneous
Visceral

Question 29

How is Leishmaniasis spread determined?

Answer 29

Temperature requirements of the specific parasite

Question 30

How is severity of Leishmaniasis lesions determined?

Answer 30

Host Reponse
Cellular Response – Granulomas
Anergic host – widespread disease

Question 31

How do Leishmaniasis parasites avoid immune destruction?

Answer 31

Alter phagolysosome environment
Resistant to C5-C9 complex
Scavenges Oxygen Radicals

Question 32

Pathology of Visceral Leishmaniasis?

Answer 32

Spread through RES – Severe systemic disease
Hep.spl.megaly, lymphodenopathy, pancytopenia, fever, weight loss. Eventually, Liver becomes fibrotic and lesions develp in the lungs, GI, kidneys, pancreas, and testes.

Question 33

Usual cause of death in Leishmaniasis?

Answer 33

Bacterial infections

Question 34

Pathology of cutaneous Leishmaniasis?

Answer 34

Localized disease

Single ulcer with surrounding granulomatous inflammation

Question 35

Pathology of mucocutaneous form of Leishmaniasis?

Answer 35

Moist, ulcerating/nonulcerating lesions which may be disfiguring
May involve larynx, nasal septum, anus, or vulva

Question 36

What do you need to know about nagleria?

Answer 36

Parasitic Meningitis from water source
Through the Cribiform plate
Death in 5-16 days
Caused by ameobae in CSF

Question 37

What do you need to know about Acanthamoeba?

Answer 37

Parasitic meningtisi in immunosuppressed individuals
Entry though nasal mucosa, lung, or skin
Sense of taste, smell altered
Treat with Ampho. B