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Pathology -- Infectious Disease > Infectious Disease -- Parasite Packet #3 > Flashcards

Infectious Disease -- Parasite Packet #3 Flashcards

1
Q

Five kinds of Helminths

A 
Schistomiasis
Trichinella
Cistercicosis
Filariasis
Oncocerciasis
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2
Q

Death from Schistomiasis is usually caused by…

A

Hepatic granulomas and fibrosis

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3
Q

Unique symptom of Schistomiasis haematobium

A

hematuria and obstruction of the bladder

Predisposition to Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder

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4
Q

Life cycle of Schistomiasis

A

Sporocysts in fresh water snails give rise to cercaria
Infection of humans by penetrating skin
Schistosomes migrate in peripheral vasculature
Arrive in portal and pelvic venous system and grow up
Eggs shed in feces, return to the river

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5
Q

Tissue reactions of Schistomiasis eggs?

A

Granulomas and Fibrosis

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6
Q

Cause of hepatic damage in Schistomiasis?

A
  • IL3, 4, 5 result in IgE synthesis, mastocytosis, eosinophilia
  • Eggs induce lymphocytes to secrete fibrinogenic factors, which leads to fibroblast prolif and portal fibrosis
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7
Q

Hepatic hallmark of Schistomiasis infection?

A

Hepatic fibrosis out of proportion to parasite injury

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8
Q

Describe the granulomas surrounding Schistosoma eggs

A

Calcified, pinhead granulomas

Macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils

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9
Q

How is Schistomiasis liver fibrosis described? It’s significance?

A

Pipestem potral fibrosis

Portal hypertension, Splenomegaly, Esophageal varices, ascites

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10
Q

How are people infected with Liver flukes?

A

Eating undercooked fish

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11
Q

Symptoms of infection with liver flukes?

A

Usually asymptomatic

Can cause biliary hyperplasia, fibrosis, portal cirrhosis

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12
Q

Two types of trematodes

A

Schistosomiasis

Liver Flukes

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13
Q

Other word used for cestodes

A

Tapeworms

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14
Q

Three main types of cestodes?

A

Taenia saginata - Beef
Taenia solium - Pork
Echinococcus - Dog

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15
Q

T. saginata or T. solium – who causes cysticercosus?

A

Solium

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16
Q

What is happening during cysticercosus?

A

When solium eggs are ingested, larvae hatch and penetrate gut wall. Hematogenous dissemination results in CNS cysts.

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17
Q

CNS symptoms of cysticercosus?

A

Convulsions, High Intercranial Pressure, Mental disturbances

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18
Q

What type of cysts are especially problematic in cysticercosus?

A

Degenerating cysts – cause local inflamm and focal scating, calcifications.
Intact cysts usually don’t evoke much of a reaction.

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19
Q

Echinococcus cysts tend to form in…

A

liver and lungs

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20
Q

Symptoms of Echinococcus?

A

Usually asymptomatic and chronic
Can cause liver disease
Cyst rupture can lead to anaphylaxis

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21
Q

Treatment for Echinococcus?

A

Mabendazole

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22
Q

Four most common types of nematodes (worms) in the US

A

Pinworms
Whipworms
Hookworms
Strongyloides

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23
Q

Pinworms – whats the official name

A

Enterobius vermicularis

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24
Q

Most common parasite in US

A

Pinworms

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25
Q

Life cycle of Pinworms?

A

Small worms of the intestine
Spread by oral ingestion of eggs extruded from the anus
Lifespan – 2 months

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26
Q

Most common symptoms of Pinworms

A

Anal pruritis

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27
Q

Reservoir of Pinworms?

A

ONLY HUMANS

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28
Q

Focus of Pinworm treatment?

A

Preventing Re-infection

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29
Q

The official name for whipworms?

A

Trichuris trichura

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30
Q

How big are whipworms?

A

about a half inch

31
Q

Where do people tend to get whipworms?

A

Tropics

Warm, Moist Parts of the Southern US

32
Q

Symptoms of whipworms?

A

Local hyperemia

Lesions of colonic mucosa

33
Q

Official names of hookworms?

A

Necator amricanus

Ancylostoma duodenale

34
Q

Hookworm infection is common in the “hookworm belt”

Where is the hookworm belt?

A

The southern US

35
Q

What do hookworms do in the host?

A

Attach to upper levels of the SI

36
Q

How are hookworms transmitted?

A 
Infectious larvae (not eggs)
Larvae penetrate between the toes
37
Q

How to ascaris, hookworms, and strongyloides disseminate?

A 
Ingest eggs/Penetrate host
Bloodstream, Lungs
Invasion by filariform larvae
Esophagus
Infective form --> Intestine
38
Q

Symptoms of hookworms?

A

Small, itchy papule at penetration site
Mild pneumonitis from traveling through lungs
Blood loss + Anemia

39
Q

Strongyloides is important because…

A

it can cause fatal disseminated disease in an IC host

40
Q

Strongyloides is endemic where?

A

Appalachia+SE

41
Q

Important reservoirs for Strongyloides?

A

Cats and Dogs

42
Q

Symptoms of Strongyloides in an IC host?

A

Severe pneumonitis + Duodenitis

43
Q

Scond most common parasite of humans

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

44
Q

How big are Ascaris lumbricoides?

A

35 cm

45
Q

Where do Ascaris lumbricoides live in the host?

A

They live unattached in the SI

46
Q

Symptoms of Ascaris lumbricoides infection?

A

Eosinophilic pneumonitis - dyspnea, dry cough, fever, eosinophilia.
Colicky epigastric or periumbical pain
Malnutrition

47
Q

Greatest danger of Ascaris lumbricoides infection?

A

abnormal migration in the body
Blockage of biliary ducts
Obstruction of SI

48
Q

How to diagnose Ascaris lumbricoides?

A

Eggs in feces

49
Q

Common SI parasites?

A

Hookworm, Ascaris, Strongyloides, Giardia

50
Q

Trichanella spiralis is acquired by…

A

Ingestion of improperly cooked pork

51
Q

What happens in the host in a Trichanella spiralis infection?

A

Larvae penetrate tissues
Disseminate hematogenously
Encyst in muscle cells

52
Q

Symptoms of Trichanella spiralis infection?

A

Eosinophilia
Fever, Myalgia
Periorbital edema
Cardiac Failure

53
Q

Relationship of Trichanella spiralis to the host heart?

A

Patchy interstitial myocarditis with eosinophila+ giant cells eventually cause scarring

54
Q

Relationship of Trichanella spiralis and the lungs

A

Allergic eosinophilic infiltrate

55
Q

Muscles especially influenced by Trichanella spiralis?

A

Diaphragm, Extraoccular, Laryngeal

Deltoid, Gastroc, Intercostal

56
Q

Three types of Larval migrans syndromes

A

Cutaneous
Visceral
Neural

57
Q

Cause of Cutaneous larval migrans

A

Ancylostoma

58
Q

What occurs in cutaneous larval migrans

A

Larvae can’t mature in humans, but survive in SubQ for a long time.
Causes intense pruritis skin lesions

59
Q

Who gets cutaneous larval migrans?

A

Plumbers, Construction workers, Duck hunters

60
Q

What gives you visceral larval migrans?

A

Toxocara canis

T. cati

61
Q

What happens in visceral larval migrans

A

Infection from pet

Hepatomegaly, hypereosinophillia, hypergammaglobulinemia, history of geophagia

62
Q

What gives you neural larval migrans?

A

Balisascaris

63
Q

Who gets Balisascaris?

A

Children with poor hygiene and geophagia

64
Q

Symptoms to watch for in Balisascaris?

A

Eosinophilic meningioencephalitis

65
Q

How is Balisascaris typically diagnosed?

A

Post mortem

66
Q

Treatment for visceral larval migrans?

A

Steroids and anti-histamines

67
Q

Filariasisis caused by

A

Wucheria bancrofti

68
Q

Filariasisis symptoms

A

Larvae develop in lymphatic channels and damage them via granuloma formation. Causes lymphedema called elephantitis in the lover limb. Also influences scrotum, penus, vulva, leg, arm

69
Q

How is Filariasisis transmitted?

A

Mosquito

70
Q

How if Onchocerciasis transmitted?

A

Blackflies

71
Q

Significance of Onchocerciasis?

A

Major cause of blindness in equatorial Africa

72
Q

Symptoms of Onchocerciasis

A

Chronis pruritic dermatitis
Subcutaneous dermal nodules (onchocercoma)
Punctate keratitis
Damage to retina

73
Q

Cause of retinal damage in Onchocerciasis?

A

Cross reaction between parasite and retinal pigment epithelial cell antigens

74
Q

Three arthropods of significance as parasites

A

Scabies
Lice
Chiggers

Pathology -- Infectious Disease (23 decks)

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