Infectious disease of the respiratory system

Question 1

common cold

Answer 1

-200 and more different viruses
- major cause leading to common cold is rhinoviruses, coronaviruses
-sneezing, congestion, runny nose
-droplet and fomite contact; some airbone

Question 2

example of fomite contact

Answer 2

sneezing on desk, then know the desk is now a formite

Question 3

sinusitis (sinus infection)

Answer 3

-bacteria loves moist environments

Question 4

otitis media (ear infection)

Answer 4

-many causes of this
-viral causes
-fluid build up
-see this in a lot of kids, horizontal so not that much drainage of fluid
-tubes in kids ear to solve this

Question 5

pharyngitis

Answer 5

-strep throat
-GAS (Group a strepcoccus) main cause of this
-resistance to phagocytosis, streptokinase, streptolysins
-can expand to otitis; scarlet fever
-rheumatic fever (heart valves); glomerulonephritis (damage to kideny)

Question 6

Diptheria

Answer 6

-Disease is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae (gram +)
-can form pseudomembrane (blocking airway)
- releases exotoxins into the body
-Vaccine: toxoid vaccine (uses a toxin to vaccinate for the toxin)
-Treatment: antibiotics and antitoxin (antibodies against toxin)

Question 7

Whooping cough (Bordetella pertussis)

Answer 7

-G-coccobacillus
-toxins (tracheal cytotoxin, pertussis toxin)
-mucus accumulation (asphyxiation)
-3 stages: catarrhal (beginning stage), paroxysmal (deep cough), convalescence (recover stage- this could take months)
-vaccine (doesn’t really work for little infants cause their rib cage is not strong enough to handle it.

Question 8

Respiratory syncytial virus

Answer 8

-primarily affects young children
-high mortality in those with other complications
-“croup” -dry cough
(also caused by other things)

Question 9

Influenza (flu)

Answer 9

-chils, fever, headaches, muscles aches
-Hemagglutinin (HA or H): Binding host cells for infection 16 types
-Neuraminindase (N): 9 different varieties or types can help with initial infection
Three types of influenza

Question 10

Antigentic dift

Answer 10

small changes resulting in reduced immune effectiveness

Question 11

Antigentic shift

Answer 11

a major change to the virus due to recombination

Question 12

Tuberculosis (mycobacterium tuberculosis)

Answer 12

-acid-fast rod
-mycolic acids stimulate inflammatory response
-slow growing

Question 13

Tb skin test (mantoux test)

Answer 13

-injection of PPD (purified protein derivative) 48-72 hours

Question 14

Tb treatment

Answer 14

-single drug use breeds resistance
-first line: 4-5 drugs for 6-9 months
-second line: less effective, toxic, costly, unavailable
-MDR strains/ XDR strains
-Vaccine-BCG (mixed effectiveness)

Question 15

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer 15

-Bacterial pneumoniae
-G+ cocci; capsule
-Bronchi & alveoli
-carraige is common; resistance lowered by stress
-damaging for the very young and old
-happens to make people sick when their resistance is down

Question 16

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Answer 16

-Bacterial pneumoniae
-low-grade fever, persistent cough, headache
-”walking pneumoniae”

Question 17

Legionella pneumophila (lung-loving)

Answer 17

-legionnaire’s disease
-bacterial pneumoniae
-Gram (-) rod
-Identified in hotel philadelphia, 1976
-live in certain water sources by it being airstized (from water to air)
-don’t find into many young people

Question 18

Histoplasmosis

Answer 18

-fungal pneumoniae
-Histoplasma capsulatum
-lungs; systemic
-birds dropping provide nitrogen
-carried by bats
(sometimes looks like tuberculosis)

Question 19

Pneumocystis jirovecii

Answer 19

-Fungal pneumonia
-primarily seen immunocompromised
-don’t know the reservoir or the carrier

Question 20

Hantavirus

Answer 20

-Viral pneumonia
-transmitted by rodents ( ex: mice, rats)
-cold/flu symptoms, leading to acute respiratory distress
-hantavirus antigen causes fluid leakage and drop blood pressure