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Microbiology > Chapter 13 (lecture microbe-Human interactions > Flashcards

Chapter 13 (lecture microbe-Human interactions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Normal Microbiota

A

microbes that permanently colonize

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2
Q

Transient Microbita

A

Present periodically

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3
Q

sites known to habor microbota

A

skin and adjacent mucous membrane, upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, including mouth, external genitalia, vagina, external ear canal, external eye

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4
Q

Pathogens

A

disease-causing microorganisms

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5
Q

True pathogens

A

make anbody sick

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6
Q

opportunistic pathogens

A

take advantage of any situation

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7
Q

Pathology

A

study of the cause, manner, and results of disease

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8
Q

Factors That Weaken Host Defenses and Increase Susceptibility to Infection

A

-Age: the very young and the very old
-Genetic defects in immunity and acquired defects in immunity (AIDS)
-Pregnancy
-Surgery and organ transplants
-Underlying disease: cancer, liver malfunction, diabetes
-Chemotherapy/immunosuppressive drugs
-Physical and mental stress
Other infections

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9
Q

What is the first step of an infection?

A

getting in (portal of entry)

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10
Q

What are ways of portal of entry?

A

-skin
-mucous membrane
-GI tract
-Respiratory
-urogenital

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11
Q

What is the second step of an infection?

A

staying in (attaching firmly and negotiating the microbe)

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12
Q

what are the ways for the infection to stay?

A

fimbriae, capsules, and spikes (virsues)

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13
Q

What is the third step of an infection?

A

surviving host defenses

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14
Q

What are the antiphagocytic factors of surviving host defenses?

A

-leukocidins (toxic to white blood cells)
-capsules
-survive within
-epigenetic changes to host

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15
Q

What is the fourth step of an infection?

A

Causing Disease

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16
Q

What are the three ways that microbes cause damage to hosts

A

-By secreting proteins (enzymes or toxins) that directly damage host cells
-By causing an overreaction by the body’s defenses and those defenses cause host damage
-By altering the host cell genome or transcription processes through epigenetic changes that temporarily or permanently disrupt normal host cell function.

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17
Q

What is a toxin

A

a chemical product of the one organism that is poisonous to another

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18
Q

What is a endotoxin?

A

A toxin molecule secreted by a living bacterial cell into the infected tissues

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19
Q

What is a exotoxin?

A

A toxin that is not actively secreted but is shed from the outer membrane

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20
Q

What is systemic infection?

A

which the pathogen spreads through circulation to many sites

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21
Q

What is locialized infection?

A

the microbe enters the body and remains confined to a specific tissue

22
Q

What is secondary infection?

A

In a primary-secondary infection, an initial infection is complicated by a second one in the same or a different location and caused by a different microbe.

23
Q

What is a focal infection?

A

occurs initially as a local infection, but circumstances cause the microbe to be carried to other sites systemically

24
Q

What is a mixed infection?

A

which the same site is infected with several microbes at the same time

25
Q

What is a acute disease or acute infections?

A

develops quickly and over quickly

26
Q

What is a chronic disease or chronic infections?

A

develops more slowly, and lasts longer or indefinitely

27
Q

What is the fifth step of an infection?

A

vacating the Host: portals of exit

28
Q

What are ways of portals of exit?

A

skin cells, coughing, insect bites, removal of blood, feces, urine

29
Q

What are the stages of Disease?

A

incubation period, prodrdomal stage, acute phase, convalescent period, continuation stage

30
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

the primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates or when pathogens persist

31
Q

Examples of reservoirs

A

human carrier, animal (vector), and non-living

32
Q

What are carriers?

A

a person that is not affected by disease but can pass it on without knowning.

33
Q

Asymptomatic carriers are what?

A

people who are infected but don’t have symptoms

34
Q

incubating carriers are what?

A

people who are infected but don’t have symptoms

35
Q

convalescent carriers are what?

A

when they continue to shed viable microbes and convey the infection to others

36
Q

chronic carriers are what?

A

An individual who shelters the infectious agent for a long period after recovery because of the latency of the infectious agent

37
Q

passive carriers are what?

A

Medical and dental personnel who must constantly handle materials that are heavily contaminated with patient secretions and blood risk picking up pathogens mechanically

38
Q

what is zoonosis?

A

diseases that can be passed from animals to humans

39
Q

What are biological vectors?

A

are infected

40
Q

What are mechanical vectors?

A

not infected

41
Q

Examples of biological vectors?

A

chickens, bats, mosquitoes

42
Q

Examples of mechanical vectors?

A

flys and cockroaches

43
Q

What are examples of non-liing reservoirs?

A

-soil
-water
-air
-improperly stored food
-buildings

44
Q

What is communicable disease?

A

spreads from host to another

45
Q

What is a noncommunicable disease?

A

infectious disease does not arise through transmission of the infectious agent from host to host.

46
Q

What is contagious disease?

A

infectious disease spreads easily (opprotunistic infections)

47
Q

What is Direct (contact) transmission?

A

Invovlves very close proxmity or actual physical contact between two hosts

48
Q

What is an indirect transmission?

A

Infectious agents must pass from an infected host to an intermediate conveyor (a vehicle) and from there to another host. (example: touching a door knob, soil, water)

49
Q

What is airborne transmission?

A

-moving through the air without dropping to the group
-Can stay in the air for long periods of time

50
Q

What is a droplet transmission?

A

occurs by the direct spray of large droplets onto conjunctiva or mucous membranes of a susceptible host when an infected patient sneezes, talks, or coughs

Microbiology (24 decks)

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