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Equine Science ANBI 320 > Infectious disease of the horse > Flashcards

Infectious disease of the horse Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the three types of infectious disease

A
  • viral
  • bacterial
  • protozoal
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2
Q

what is the purpose of viral diseases

A
  • to stay alive and keep genetics going
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3
Q

what is EIV

A
  • equine influenza
  • most common infectious disease
  • most common cause of respiratory illness
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4
Q

what are signs of EIV

A
  • fever, lethargy, anorexia, serous nasal discharge,
  • cough, mucoid nasal discharge
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5
Q

how is EIV transmitted

A
  • inhalation of aerosolized virus
  • direct contact with infected horse
  • contact with contaminated fomites ( any contaminated surfaces = waterers, feeders and barn tools)
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6
Q

who can be effected by EIV

A
  • crowded horse practices
  • unvaccinated horses
  • 1-5 year olds
  • international trade
  • droplets infectous spread
  • dogs by being in close proximity and eating horse meat
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7
Q

what can get EIV

A

zebras
dogs
camels
humans

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8
Q

what are three major outbreaks

A

1872: north american outbreak
1987 india outbreak
2007 australian outbreak

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9
Q

when was the canadian outbreak and where was it

A
  • began in toronto
  • because of transportation and pathways
  • it spread through horses and trains that transported horses
  • detrimental to the firefighters cause there were no horses to pull water
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10
Q

what was the morbility of EIV

A
  • 60-90%
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11
Q

how can you treat EIV

A
  • rest in a well ventilated area
  • do not put horse to work to quickly
  • working a horse to quickly can cause perminant damages
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12
Q

what perminant damages can be done to a horse if they return to work to early after EIV

A
  • pneumonia - scars in lungs
    myocarditis - inflammation of heart muscles
  • heaves - allergy response
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13
Q

how can you prevent EIV

A
  • minimize exposure
  • vaccinate - but virus can change antigenic variations (so we need to continously change vaccines
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14
Q

what challenge is prevented with EIV

A
  • genome is antisense RNA
  • the viral RNA polymerase is error prone (contributing to virus survival)
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15
Q

should you vaccinate againsts EIV

A
  • maybe
  • vaccines are specific to serotype
  • protection is generally short lived (every 4 months)
  • balance risks and bennifits
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16
Q

what is equine herpesvirus

A
  • infects and stays with horse forever
  • latenet and persistant infections
  • recrudescence
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17
Q

what is the most concerning types of herpesviruses

A

rhinopneumonitis - (EHV 1 and 4)
respiratory infection
EHV -1 abortion, venereal disease (sometimes EHV-4)
myeloencephalopathy - EHV 1 - neural

18
Q

what are symptoms of rhinopneumonitis

A
  • highly contagious upper respiratory disease
  • establishes latency in infected horses
19
Q

what does previous exposure/ infection do in EHV

A
  • higher risk of neural disease
    morbiditiy low - 90%
    mortality up to 40% ( those diagnosed are uthenized)
20
Q

what type of response does EHV vaccine have

A
  • inactivates or kills virus
  • produces antibodies for humoral response
21
Q

what is EHV-3

A
  • acute venereal disease
  • ulceration of vagina and vestibular mucosa or mares and penis and prepuse of stallions
  • in breeding, some horses can be carriors but will not spread disease if there are no clinical signs
22
Q

what is EHV 5

A
  • multinodular pulmonary fibrosis
  • chronic, progressive interstitial lung disease
  • hides in the body until immunocompremised
23
Q

signs of equine viral arteritis (EVA)

A
  • fever
  • upper respiratory disease
  • petechial hemorrhage of mucous membranes
    edema of limbs = sure diagnostics
24
Q

how does EVA infect a fetus

A
  • causes abortion
  • infects the fetus itself
  • outbreaks are usually from contaminated semen
  • of stallions using the same infected equipment
25
Q

how can EVA be spread

A
  • venereal spread (sexually)
  • through contaminated semen
  • inhalation of aerosolized virus
    ( stallions infected are usually asymptomatic )
26
Q

how many stallions/ colts are EAV carriors

A

30-60%

27
Q

is there a vaccine for EVA

A
  • yes,
    reccomended to vaccinate those that are breeding with a carriror
  • problem with test is it doesnt distinguish if its a carrier or not
28
Q

what is EEE

A

eastern equine encephalomyelitis
or the sleeping disease

29
Q

how is EEE transmitted

A
  • perching birds
  • guarder snakes
  • mosquitos
  • never horse to horse (always infected host to horse)
30
Q

what is the process from sleepy appearance to paralysis

A
  • 1-3 week incubation
  • hypersensitivity
  • dozy, ataxic
  • severe paresis and inability to swallow
  • 2-4 days = death
31
Q

is EEE curable

A
  • 75-90% fatal
  • horses that do recover often suffer permanent brain damage
32
Q

what is WNV

A

west niel virus
- transmitted mostly from birds or mosquits

33
Q

what is the mortality for west niel virus

A
  • 30% mortality
  • morbidity 5-30% (feild study where they didnt know how many were bitten)
  • long lasting effects observed in those suposidly recovered
34
Q

what are clinical signs of west niel virus

A
  • depression
  • hindquarter weakness
  • ataxia
  • tremors/ convulsions
  • thrashing and recumbency
35
Q

what is the treatment of west niel virus

A
  • making horses comfortable
  • hydrated
  • if they become recumdent = put them in a sling
36
Q

prevention of WNV

A
  • vaccine
  • keep mosquits off horse
37
Q

what is rabies

A
  • lyssavirus within family rhabdoviridae
  • 100% fatal with onset of symptoms
    zoonotic - 2-12 wekk incubation
38
Q

how is rabies spread

A
  • from salivia through an open wound (bite)
  • infects peripheral spinal nerves (in all infected)
  • CNS
    and distributed through salivary glands
  • kills host
39
Q

what is EIAV

A

-equine infectous anemia virus
also known as swamp fever
- no way to control it - retroviral pathogen
- seroconvonversion - changes continously
- have to contiously develope the vaccine

40
Q

how is EIAV transmitted

A
  • horse is the only host
  • infected horses pass is on through horse flys and deerflys
  • mosquitos dont carry enough of the blood to pass it on
  • stays in fly for 48 hours
41
Q

what are symptoms of EIAV

A
  • acute fatal or chornic
  • bouts of weakness
  • loss of condition
  • febrile episodes
  • anemia
42
Q

what can you do for EIAV

A
  • life-long quarentine ( 1km away at all times)
  • you are repsonsible if another horse gets it from your horse
  • euthinazia - someone has to watch to burry the horse (food inspection agency)

Equine Science ANBI 320 (23 decks)

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