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Equine Science ANBI 320 > equine nutrition > Flashcards

equine nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the groupd included in nutrition

A
  • carbs
  • fats
  • protein
  • minerals
  • vitamins
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2
Q

what is energy

A
  • end product from breakdown of carbohydrates, fats and protein
  • 80-90% of feed is used to fill energy requirements
  • maintenance requirement for mature light horse is 0.03BW + 1.4 Mal/day or 15Mcal/450 kg horse
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3
Q

how does workload impact energy

A
  • energy increase for a horse in hard work 25% to 100% above maintenance
  • thoroughbred in training requires 31 Mcal/450 kg horse
  • gestation; last trimester 19mcal/450 mare
  • lactation 1st 2 months 29 Mcal/ 450 kg mare
  • 4 month old with mature weight of 450 kg and current weight of 152 kg requires 12 Mcal (36 Mcal/ 450 kg)
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4
Q

when do horses require more energy

A
  • older horses require more energy
  • metabolic conditions
  • ill horses
  • temperature - lower critical temperature (-15c) 2%/ below LCT
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5
Q

what volitile fatty acids are found in hind gut fermentors that take up 60-75% energy

A
  • acetic acid
  • propionic acid
  • butyric acid
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6
Q

what is crude fibre

A

cellulose + lignin + some non cellulose poysaccharides

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7
Q

what is acid detergent fibre

A

cellulose + lignin

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8
Q

what is neutral detergent fibre

A

hemicellulose + cellulose + lignin

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9
Q

hemicellulose

A

= NDF - ADF

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10
Q

what is pectin from beet pulp used for

A
  • provides soluable fibre = also called rapidly fermented fibre
  • gets fermentated in the cecum
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11
Q

who should you not give beet pulp too

A

-obese prone horses with metabolic conditions
- aging horses with poor dentation

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12
Q

Ethanol - soluable carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides
disaccharides
oligosaccharides

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13
Q

WSC

A

water-soluble carbohydrates = ESC + fructans (polyfructose
- rapid energy sources
- effect insulin (all insulin inducing)

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14
Q

TNC

A

total nonstructural carbohydrates = WSC + starch (polysaccharides)

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15
Q

NCF

A

none crude fibre = TNC + protein

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16
Q

hydrolized CHO

A
  • ## digested and absorbed in stomach and small intestine
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17
Q

rapidly fermentated CHO

A
  • pectin, fructan, oligosaccharides that pass through small intestine
  • rapidly fermented in the cecum
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18
Q

Slowly fermented CHO

A
  • cellulose and hemicellulose
  • goes through untouched
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19
Q

what basic forages are found in a horses diet

A
  • pasture
  • green feed
  • straw
  • hay
  • haylage
  • beet pulp
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20
Q

what is fiber used for

A
  • bulk to keep gastrointestinal tract functioning and hydrated
  • substrate for cecal microflora
  • essential for health of holobiont ( host and resident microbiota)
  • anaerobic bacteria and fungi break down ignocellulolytic matter
  • facultatively aerobic yeasts and methanogenic archaea facilitate process and maintain appropriate environment
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21
Q

what do look for when visually assesing hay

A
  • shouldnt be black and slimy
  • should have a good odor
  • watch for molds and fungi
22
Q

what is the difference between legume and grass hay

A

legume - Higher DE, Ca, Protein, Vitamin A (more dense when baled
Grass - Timothy, brome, crested wheat (may need supliment Ca Protein and energy)

23
Q

what are grain concentratees used in a horses diet

A
  • oats
  • corn
  • barely
  • rye
  • wheat
24
Q

what are processed feeds

A
  • feeds mixed such as sweet feeds, extruded and pelleted feeds
  • includes complete feeds and specialty feeds
25
Q

how are fats suplimented

A
  • more energy for less feed volume because fats are a very concentrated source and dont need large amoutns
26
Q

what are some fat suppliments

A
  • vegetable oils (corn canola)
  • stabalized fortified rice bran
  • flaxseed
  • soybeans
  • black oil sunflower seeds
27
Q
A
28
Q

what should you consider when feeding fats

A
  • it takes the body 3 weeks to adapt to metabolising fats
    delays onset fatigue
29
Q

why should you feed fats

A
  • helps maintain normal blood sugar levels
  • reduces glycemic responses
  • delays gastric emptying
  • increases antioxidant capacity
  • protects PSSm and RER horses from tying up
30
Q

what happens if to much fat is given

A

inhibit storage of glycogen

31
Q

what happens if there is an energy deficiency

A
  • underweight/ stunted
  • exercise intolerance and incapacity
  • muscle wasting
  • immunosuppression
  • poor conception rate
  • ADR
32
Q

what happens when energy is excess

A
  • overweight
  • development of orthepedic disease
  • exercise intolerance/ incapacity
  • increased risk of founder, hyperthermia, hyperlipemia, metabolic syndrome, lipomas, retianed placenta and lamness
33
Q

what essential amino acids are we most concerned about

A
  • lysine
  • methionine
34
Q

what are limiting amino acids

A
  • lysine
  • threonine
  • methionine
  • tryptophane
35
Q

what is the protein requirement of a weanling

A

3.31 g/kg

36
Q

what is the protein requirement of a mature horse

A

1.26g/kg

37
Q

what is the protien requirment of a intense work horse

A

2.0 g/kg

38
Q

what is the protein requirement for a gestation horse

A

1.79g/kg

39
Q

what is the protein requirmenet for a lactating horse

A

3.07 g/kg

40
Q

what type of protein is given

A
  • crude protein (unsure how much is digestible)
  • digestible protein
41
Q

what happens when theres a protein deficiency

A
  • retarded growth and stunting
  • weight loss
  • reduced feed efficiency
  • unthriftiness (ADR)
  • immunosuppression
42
Q

what happens when theres an excess of protein

A
  • high water consumption and excretion goes up
  • high urea and risk of enterotoxemia
  • high blood ammonia - nerve irritability, disturbances in CHO metabolism
  • protein = occur as a result of a specific allergy - all protein
43
Q

what are minerals

A
  • supplimentation should be specific to adress deficiencies
  • Ca P Na Cl Mg K S
    forages = Ca
    grains = P
    2 Ca= 1P
44
Q

what is millers / big head disease

A
  • more phosphate in the diet than calcium
  • nutritional secondary hyperparathyrodism
45
Q

why give a horse electrolytes

A
  • NaCl, K, Ca Mg
  • imbalances and deficiencies impaire nerve and muscle functions
  • water and electrolytes need to be given at the same time
46
Q

what microminerals should be given

A

Fe Cu Zn Mn I Se Co

47
Q

what does selenium toxicity look like

A

deficiency and toxicity look the same
- brittle hair
slaff hoof (loose parts of hoof as a hole)

48
Q

what are minerals required for

A

growth
gestation
lactation
hard work

49
Q

fat soluable vitamines

A
  • horse and gut microflora vitamines D and K
  • grains and green forages vitamine E
  • green feeds - vitamin A
50
Q

water soluable vitamines

A
  • produces vitamine C on own
  • over production can halt natural production
51
Q

Formulating Rations

A
  1. have forage tested for nutritional values
  2. calculate nutrients present in forage fed (2.5% of BW, more or less)
  3. ensure that sufficient energy is provided
  4. make sure protein is adequate
  5. check for necessity of mineral supplimentation

Equine Science ANBI 320 (20 decks)

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