equine nutrition Flashcards
what are the groupd included in nutrition
- carbs
- fats
- protein
- minerals
- vitamins
what is energy
- end product from breakdown of carbohydrates, fats and protein
- 80-90% of feed is used to fill energy requirements
- maintenance requirement for mature light horse is 0.03BW + 1.4 Mal/day or 15Mcal/450 kg horse
how does workload impact energy
- energy increase for a horse in hard work 25% to 100% above maintenance
- thoroughbred in training requires 31 Mcal/450 kg horse
- gestation; last trimester 19mcal/450 mare
- lactation 1st 2 months 29 Mcal/ 450 kg mare
- 4 month old with mature weight of 450 kg and current weight of 152 kg requires 12 Mcal (36 Mcal/ 450 kg)
when do horses require more energy
- older horses require more energy
- metabolic conditions
- ill horses
- temperature - lower critical temperature (-15c) 2%/ below LCT
what volitile fatty acids are found in hind gut fermentors that take up 60-75% energy
- acetic acid
- propionic acid
- butyric acid
what is crude fibre
cellulose + lignin + some non cellulose poysaccharides
what is acid detergent fibre
cellulose + lignin
what is neutral detergent fibre
hemicellulose + cellulose + lignin
hemicellulose
= NDF - ADF
what is pectin from beet pulp used for
- provides soluable fibre = also called rapidly fermented fibre
- gets fermentated in the cecum
who should you not give beet pulp too
-obese prone horses with metabolic conditions
- aging horses with poor dentation
Ethanol - soluable carbohydrates
monosaccharides
disaccharides
oligosaccharides
WSC
water-soluble carbohydrates = ESC + fructans (polyfructose
- rapid energy sources
- effect insulin (all insulin inducing)
TNC
total nonstructural carbohydrates = WSC + starch (polysaccharides)
NCF
none crude fibre = TNC + protein
hydrolized CHO
- ## digested and absorbed in stomach and small intestine
rapidly fermentated CHO
- pectin, fructan, oligosaccharides that pass through small intestine
- rapidly fermented in the cecum
Slowly fermented CHO
- cellulose and hemicellulose
- goes through untouched
what basic forages are found in a horses diet
- pasture
- green feed
- straw
- hay
- haylage
- beet pulp
what is fiber used for
- bulk to keep gastrointestinal tract functioning and hydrated
- substrate for cecal microflora
- essential for health of holobiont ( host and resident microbiota)
- anaerobic bacteria and fungi break down ignocellulolytic matter
- facultatively aerobic yeasts and methanogenic archaea facilitate process and maintain appropriate environment
what do look for when visually assesing hay
- shouldnt be black and slimy
- should have a good odor
- watch for molds and fungi
what is the difference between legume and grass hay
legume - Higher DE, Ca, Protein, Vitamin A (more dense when baled
Grass - Timothy, brome, crested wheat (may need supliment Ca Protein and energy)
what are grain concentratees used in a horses diet
- oats
- corn
- barely
- rye
- wheat
what are processed feeds
- feeds mixed such as sweet feeds, extruded and pelleted feeds
- includes complete feeds and specialty feeds
how are fats suplimented
- more energy for less feed volume because fats are a very concentrated source and dont need large amoutns
what are some fat suppliments
- vegetable oils (corn canola)
- stabalized fortified rice bran
- flaxseed
- soybeans
- black oil sunflower seeds
what should you consider when feeding fats
- it takes the body 3 weeks to adapt to metabolising fats
delays onset fatigue
why should you feed fats
- helps maintain normal blood sugar levels
- reduces glycemic responses
- delays gastric emptying
- increases antioxidant capacity
- protects PSSm and RER horses from tying up
what happens if to much fat is given
inhibit storage of glycogen
what happens if there is an energy deficiency
- underweight/ stunted
- exercise intolerance and incapacity
- muscle wasting
- immunosuppression
- poor conception rate
- ADR
what happens when energy is excess
- overweight
- development of orthepedic disease
- exercise intolerance/ incapacity
- increased risk of founder, hyperthermia, hyperlipemia, metabolic syndrome, lipomas, retianed placenta and lamness
what essential amino acids are we most concerned about
- lysine
- methionine
what are limiting amino acids
- lysine
- threonine
- methionine
- tryptophane
what is the protein requirement of a weanling
3.31 g/kg
what is the protein requirement of a mature horse
1.26g/kg
what is the protien requirment of a intense work horse
2.0 g/kg
what is the protein requirement for a gestation horse
1.79g/kg
what is the protein requirmenet for a lactating horse
3.07 g/kg
what type of protein is given
- crude protein (unsure how much is digestible)
- digestible protein
what happens when theres a protein deficiency
- retarded growth and stunting
- weight loss
- reduced feed efficiency
- unthriftiness (ADR)
- immunosuppression
what happens when theres an excess of protein
- high water consumption and excretion goes up
- high urea and risk of enterotoxemia
- high blood ammonia - nerve irritability, disturbances in CHO metabolism
- protein = occur as a result of a specific allergy - all protein
what are minerals
- supplimentation should be specific to adress deficiencies
- Ca P Na Cl Mg K S
forages = Ca
grains = P
2 Ca= 1P
what is millers / big head disease
- more phosphate in the diet than calcium
- nutritional secondary hyperparathyrodism
why give a horse electrolytes
- NaCl, K, Ca Mg
- imbalances and deficiencies impaire nerve and muscle functions
- water and electrolytes need to be given at the same time
what microminerals should be given
Fe Cu Zn Mn I Se Co
what does selenium toxicity look like
deficiency and toxicity look the same
- brittle hair
slaff hoof (loose parts of hoof as a hole)
what are minerals required for
growth
gestation
lactation
hard work
fat soluable vitamines
- horse and gut microflora vitamines D and K
- grains and green forages vitamine E
- green feeds - vitamin A
water soluable vitamines
- produces vitamine C on own
- over production can halt natural production
Formulating Rations
- have forage tested for nutritional values
- calculate nutrients present in forage fed (2.5% of BW, more or less)
- ensure that sufficient energy is provided
- make sure protein is adequate
- check for necessity of mineral supplimentation
