equine nutrition

Question 1

what are the groupd included in nutrition

Answer 1

• carbs
• fats
• protein
• minerals
• vitamins

Question 2

what is energy

Answer 2

• end product from breakdown of carbohydrates, fats and protein
• 80-90% of feed is used to fill energy requirements
• maintenance requirement for mature light horse is 0.03BW + 1.4 Mal/day or 15Mcal/450 kg horse

Question 3

how does workload impact energy

Answer 3

• energy increase for a horse in hard work 25% to 100% above maintenance
• thoroughbred in training requires 31 Mcal/450 kg horse
• gestation; last trimester 19mcal/450 mare
• lactation 1st 2 months 29 Mcal/ 450 kg mare
• 4 month old with mature weight of 450 kg and current weight of 152 kg requires 12 Mcal (36 Mcal/ 450 kg)

Question 4

when do horses require more energy

Answer 4

• older horses require more energy
• metabolic conditions
• ill horses
• temperature - lower critical temperature (-15c) 2%/ below LCT

Question 5

what volitile fatty acids are found in hind gut fermentors that take up 60-75% energy

Answer 5

• acetic acid
• propionic acid
• butyric acid

Question 6

what is crude fibre

Answer 6

cellulose + lignin + some non cellulose poysaccharides

Question 7

what is acid detergent fibre

Answer 7

cellulose + lignin

Question 8

what is neutral detergent fibre

Answer 8

hemicellulose + cellulose + lignin

Question 9

hemicellulose

Answer 9

= NDF - ADF

Question 10

what is pectin from beet pulp used for

Answer 10

• provides soluable fibre = also called rapidly fermented fibre
• gets fermentated in the cecum

Question 11

who should you not give beet pulp too

Answer 11

-obese prone horses with metabolic conditions
- aging horses with poor dentation

Question 12

Ethanol - soluable carbohydrates

Answer 12

monosaccharides
disaccharides
oligosaccharides

Question 13

WSC

Answer 13

water-soluble carbohydrates = ESC + fructans (polyfructose
- rapid energy sources
- effect insulin (all insulin inducing)

Question 14

TNC

Answer 14

total nonstructural carbohydrates = WSC + starch (polysaccharides)

Question 15

NCF

Answer 15

none crude fibre = TNC + protein

Question 16

hydrolized CHO

Answer 16

• ## digested and absorbed in stomach and small intestine

Question 17

rapidly fermentated CHO

Answer 17

• pectin, fructan, oligosaccharides that pass through small intestine
• rapidly fermented in the cecum

Question 18

Slowly fermented CHO

Answer 18

• cellulose and hemicellulose
• goes through untouched

Question 19

what basic forages are found in a horses diet

Answer 19

• pasture
• green feed
• straw
• hay
• haylage
• beet pulp

Question 20

what is fiber used for

Answer 20

• bulk to keep gastrointestinal tract functioning and hydrated
• substrate for cecal microflora
• essential for health of holobiont ( host and resident microbiota)
• anaerobic bacteria and fungi break down ignocellulolytic matter
• facultatively aerobic yeasts and methanogenic archaea facilitate process and maintain appropriate environment

Question 21

what do look for when visually assesing hay

Answer 21

• shouldnt be black and slimy
• should have a good odor
• watch for molds and fungi

Question 22

what is the difference between legume and grass hay

Answer 22

legume - Higher DE, Ca, Protein, Vitamin A (more dense when baled
Grass - Timothy, brome, crested wheat (may need supliment Ca Protein and energy)

Question 23

what are grain concentratees used in a horses diet

Answer 23

• oats
• corn
• barely
• rye
• wheat

Question 24

what are processed feeds

Answer 24

• feeds mixed such as sweet feeds, extruded and pelleted feeds
• includes complete feeds and specialty feeds

Question 25

how are fats suplimented

Answer 25

- more energy for less feed volume because fats are a very concentrated source and dont need large amoutns

Question 26

what are some fat suppliments

Answer 26

- vegetable oils (corn canola) - stabalized fortified rice bran - flaxseed - soybeans - black oil sunflower seeds

Question 28

what should you consider when feeding fats

Answer 28

- it takes the body 3 weeks to adapt to metabolising fats delays onset fatigue

Question 29

why should you feed fats

Answer 29

- helps maintain normal blood sugar levels - reduces glycemic responses - delays gastric emptying - increases antioxidant capacity - protects PSSm and RER horses from tying up

Question 30

what happens if to much fat is given

Answer 30

inhibit storage of glycogen

Question 31

what happens if there is an energy deficiency

Answer 31

- underweight/ stunted - exercise intolerance and incapacity - muscle wasting - immunosuppression - poor conception rate - ADR

Question 32

what happens when energy is excess

Answer 32

- overweight - development of orthepedic disease - exercise intolerance/ incapacity - increased risk of founder, hyperthermia, hyperlipemia, metabolic syndrome, lipomas, retianed placenta and lamness

Question 33

what essential amino acids are we most concerned about

Answer 33

- lysine - methionine

Question 34

what are limiting amino acids

Answer 34

- lysine - threonine - methionine - tryptophane

Question 35

what is the protein requirement of a weanling

Answer 35

3.31 g/kg

Question 36

what is the protein requirement of a mature horse

Answer 36

1.26g/kg

Question 37

what is the protien requirment of a intense work horse

Answer 37

2.0 g/kg

Question 38

what is the protein requirement for a gestation horse

Answer 38

1.79g/kg

Question 39

what is the protein requirmenet for a lactating horse

Answer 39

3.07 g/kg

Question 40

what type of protein is given

Answer 40

- crude protein (unsure how much is digestible) - digestible protein

Question 41

what happens when theres a protein deficiency

Answer 41

- retarded growth and stunting - weight loss - reduced feed efficiency - unthriftiness (ADR) - immunosuppression

Question 42

what happens when theres an excess of protein

Answer 42

- high water consumption and excretion goes up - high urea and risk of enterotoxemia - high blood ammonia - nerve irritability, disturbances in CHO metabolism - protein = occur as a result of a specific allergy - all protein

Question 43

what are minerals

Answer 43

- supplimentation should be specific to adress deficiencies - Ca P Na Cl Mg K S forages = Ca grains = P 2 Ca= 1P

Question 44

what is millers / big head disease

Answer 44

- more phosphate in the diet than calcium - nutritional secondary hyperparathyrodism

Question 45

why give a horse electrolytes

Answer 45

- NaCl, K, Ca Mg - imbalances and deficiencies impaire nerve and muscle functions - water and electrolytes need to be given at the same time

Question 46

what microminerals should be given

Answer 46

Fe Cu Zn Mn I Se Co

Question 47

what does selenium toxicity look like

Answer 47

deficiency and toxicity look the same - brittle hair slaff hoof (loose parts of hoof as a hole)

Question 48

what are minerals required for

Answer 48

growth gestation lactation hard work

Question 49

fat soluable vitamines

Answer 49

- horse and gut microflora vitamines D and K - grains and green forages vitamine E - green feeds - vitamin A

Question 50

water soluable vitamines

Answer 50

- produces vitamine C on own - over production can halt natural production

Question 51

Formulating Rations

Answer 51

1. have forage tested for nutritional values 2. calculate nutrients present in forage fed (2.5% of BW, more or less) 3. ensure that sufficient energy is provided 4. make sure protein is adequate 5. check for necessity of mineral supplimentation