Bacterial diseases of the horse

Question 1

what are the bacteria diseases of the horse

Answer 1

• strangles
• tetanus
• lyme disease
  potomac horse fever

Question 2

what is strangles

Answer 2

• distemper (streptococcus equi)
• highly contagious
• high morbidity (shows clinical signs)
• low mortality (treatable)

Question 3

what puts horses at risk for strangle

Answer 3

• crowding
• unfamiliar horses
• younge horses
• sharing water with unknown horses

Question 4

what are clinical signs of strangles

Answer 4

• 4-8 day incubation period (following bacteria exposure)
• cough, fever, loss of apppetite, lethargy, nasal discharge (putridge yellow)
• entry via nose or mouth (through tonsillar epithelium)
• invasion of tonsillar crypts
• extracellular microcolonies (clumps of bacteria that move around usually to lymph nodes)
• infection of lymph nodea
• swollen lymph nodes

Question 5

how is strangles diagnosted

Answer 5

• swollen lymph nodes
• nasal discharge
• swollen lymph nodes break open

Question 6

what are some atypical presentations of strangles

Answer 6

• mild case of choke
• mild case of influenza

Question 7

what is the infectious period of strangles

Answer 7

45-60 days after recovery
- horses are still 2 months infected after symptoms are cleared

Question 8

what are sources of continuing infectors

Answer 8

• 10% of cases fail to drain completely - live in guteral pouch foever
• residual pus forms chondroids containing live s equi

Question 9

how can you prevent strangles

Answer 9

• contact avoidance
• vaccine - arent great and can lead to autoimmune infection

Question 10

what can strangles lead to

Answer 10

• sweeling of lymph nodes
• upper airway obstruction
• suffocation

Question 11

where else can strangles infect

Answer 11

• brain
• lungs
• kidneys
• spleen
• mesentery
• liver

Question 12

how can you treat strangles

Answer 12

• drug therapy = antibiotics(velvet leaved combretum bark, leaves and roots)
• physical therapy = warm moist heat applied to swollen lymph nodes (warm compress and soft foods)

Question 13

what is tetani

Answer 13

tetanus = lockjaw
3 neurotoxins
- unfriendly aneorobs in found that enters a wound
- exotoxins - via circulatory system or along peripheral nerves
- into spinal cord

Question 14

what does tetanus do

Answer 14

• breakdown of leukosites at infection site
• neurotranmitter release blocked
• peripheral neuromuscular junctions blocked
• continous stimulation of moto and refles arcs
• muscular spasms
• convulsions and respiratory arrest

Question 15

what is the treatment to tetnus

Answer 15

• fatal
• penicillin
• tetanus anti toxin
• muscle relaxants
  -vaccine that should be distributed yearly

Question 16

what is lyme disease

Answer 16

• borrelia burgdorferi
• transmitted by a tick

Question 17

what are some non specifiv clinical signs of kyme disease

Answer 17

• weight loss
  stiffness
• intermittent lameness
• muscle tenderness
• swollen joints

Question 18

what are some neurological disease signs

Answer 18

• lethargy
• stupor
• ataxia
• tremours
• recumbency

Question 19

what is potomac horse fever

Answer 19

• shasta river crudderditch fever
• in a snail theres neorickettsia inside of a fluke in the snail - when infected it releases the infected fluke and that gets picked up by an insect

Question 20

what are the symptoms of potomac horse fever

Answer 20

• potentially fatal (not common)
• diarreah

Question 21

treatment for potomac horse fever

Answer 21

• supportive fluid replacement
• pharmacology : oxytetracycline
• 70% survival with tertiary care (requires early diagnostics)
• not a good vaccine

Question 22

what is equine granulocyte anaplasmosis

Answer 22

• intracellular pathagen - transmitted by tics
• shown in bumps on the skin
• more swelling them lime disease

Question 23

what are symptoms of equine granulocytic anaplasmosis

Answer 23

• apathy weakness fever
• stiffness
• subcue edema
  edema of fetlock
• increase heart and breathing rate
• mucosal hemorrhage
• splenic enlargement
• swelling of lymph nodes

Question 24

what are the protozoal diseases of the horse

Answer 24

• equine protozoal myelitis (malaria)
• piroplasmosis

Question 25

what are clinical signs of EPM

Answer 25

• vary within signs of spinal cord involved
• abnormal gait
• asymmetrical ataxia (abnormal gate on one side of the body
• muscle atrophy
• behavioural changes
• tail test = will cause horse to become unbalanced and fall over if the tail is pulled to onside

Question 26

what is piroplasmosis

Answer 26

• babesia caballi
• babesia equi

Question 27

symptoms of piroplasmosis

Answer 27

• fever
• anemia
• jaundice
• anorexia
• colic
• diarrhea

Question 28

why should you vaccinate

Answer 28

• prevent disease
• moderate clinical signs
• reduce infectivity

Question 29

what should you consider for vaccinations

Answer 29

• disease risk ( dont vaccinate for diseases that are not here)
• vaccine effectivness( how safe)
• cost

Question 30

what different vaccine administrations are there

Answer 30

• intromuscular or intronasal

Question 31

what are the core vaccines

Answer 31

• tatanus
• EEEV/WEEV
• WNV
• rabies

Question 32

what vaccines are extras

Answer 32

• EIV
• EHV-1 EHV 4

Question 33

what vaccine is only vaccinated by location

Answer 33

anthrax

Question 34

what are vaccine maybes

Answer 34

• strangles
• EVA

Question 35

why should you vaccinate wisely

Answer 35

• moderate exercise enhances the immune system whereas high intensity exhaustive exercise supresses it
• nutrition and management contribute to overall well-being which supports a stronger immune system