Bacterial diseases of the horse Flashcards
what are the bacteria diseases of the horse
- strangles
- tetanus
- lyme disease
potomac horse fever
what is strangles
- distemper (streptococcus equi)
- highly contagious
- high morbidity (shows clinical signs)
- low mortality (treatable)
what puts horses at risk for strangle
- crowding
- unfamiliar horses
- younge horses
- sharing water with unknown horses
what are clinical signs of strangles
- 4-8 day incubation period (following bacteria exposure)
- cough, fever, loss of apppetite, lethargy, nasal discharge (putridge yellow)
- entry via nose or mouth (through tonsillar epithelium)
- invasion of tonsillar crypts
- extracellular microcolonies (clumps of bacteria that move around usually to lymph nodes)
- infection of lymph nodea
- swollen lymph nodes
how is strangles diagnosted
- swollen lymph nodes
- nasal discharge
- swollen lymph nodes break open
what are some atypical presentations of strangles
- mild case of choke
- mild case of influenza
what is the infectious period of strangles
45-60 days after recovery
- horses are still 2 months infected after symptoms are cleared
what are sources of continuing infectors
- 10% of cases fail to drain completely - live in guteral pouch foever
- residual pus forms chondroids containing live s equi
how can you prevent strangles
- contact avoidance
- vaccine - arent great and can lead to autoimmune infection
what can strangles lead to
- sweeling of lymph nodes
- upper airway obstruction
- suffocation
where else can strangles infect
- brain
- lungs
- kidneys
- spleen
- mesentery
- liver
how can you treat strangles
- drug therapy = antibiotics(velvet leaved combretum bark, leaves and roots)
- physical therapy = warm moist heat applied to swollen lymph nodes (warm compress and soft foods)
what is tetani
tetanus = lockjaw
3 neurotoxins
- unfriendly aneorobs in found that enters a wound
- exotoxins - via circulatory system or along peripheral nerves
- into spinal cord
what does tetanus do
- breakdown of leukosites at infection site
- neurotranmitter release blocked
- peripheral neuromuscular junctions blocked
- continous stimulation of moto and refles arcs
- muscular spasms
- convulsions and respiratory arrest
what is the treatment to tetnus
- fatal
- penicillin
- tetanus anti toxin
- muscle relaxants
-vaccine that should be distributed yearly
what is lyme disease
- borrelia burgdorferi
- transmitted by a tick
what are some non specifiv clinical signs of kyme disease
- weight loss
stiffness - intermittent lameness
- muscle tenderness
- swollen joints
what are some neurological disease signs
- lethargy
- stupor
- ataxia
- tremours
- recumbency
what is potomac horse fever
- shasta river crudderditch fever
- in a snail theres neorickettsia inside of a fluke in the snail - when infected it releases the infected fluke and that gets picked up by an insect
what are the symptoms of potomac horse fever
- potentially fatal (not common)
- diarreah
treatment for potomac horse fever
- supportive fluid replacement
- pharmacology : oxytetracycline
- 70% survival with tertiary care (requires early diagnostics)
- not a good vaccine
what is equine granulocyte anaplasmosis
- intracellular pathagen - transmitted by tics
- shown in bumps on the skin
- more swelling them lime disease
what are symptoms of equine granulocytic anaplasmosis
- apathy weakness fever
- stiffness
- subcue edema
edema of fetlock - increase heart and breathing rate
- mucosal hemorrhage
- splenic enlargement
- swelling of lymph nodes
what are the protozoal diseases of the horse
- equine protozoal myelitis (malaria)
- piroplasmosis
what are clinical signs of EPM
- vary within signs of spinal cord involved
- abnormal gait
- asymmetrical ataxia (abnormal gate on one side of the body
- muscle atrophy
- behavioural changes
- tail test = will cause horse to become unbalanced and fall over if the tail is pulled to onside
what is piroplasmosis
- babesia caballi
- babesia equi
symptoms of piroplasmosis
- fever
- anemia
- jaundice
- anorexia
- colic
- diarrhea
why should you vaccinate
- prevent disease
- moderate clinical signs
- reduce infectivity
what should you consider for vaccinations
- disease risk ( dont vaccinate for diseases that are not here)
- vaccine effectivness( how safe)
- cost
what different vaccine administrations are there
- intromuscular or intronasal
what are the core vaccines
- tatanus
- EEEV/WEEV
- WNV
- rabies
what vaccines are extras
- EIV
- EHV-1 EHV 4
what vaccine is only vaccinated by location
anthrax
what are vaccine maybes
- strangles
- EVA
why should you vaccinate wisely
- moderate exercise enhances the immune system whereas high intensity exhaustive exercise supresses it
- nutrition and management contribute to overall well-being which supports a stronger immune system
