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Equine Science ANBI 320 > Cardiovascuar System > Flashcards

Cardiovascuar System Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the functions of the cardiovascular system

A
  • carry oxygen, nutrients( proteins, fats and carbs) and hormones to tissues and ograns
  • carry metabolic waste to lungs and kidneys
  • thermoregulation
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2
Q

what is path of blood flow

A

lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium- left ventricle - aorta - body to cranial and caulal vena cava - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs

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3
Q

what is the pulmonary circuit

A
  • right ventricle to pulmonary artery to pulmonary veins to left atrium
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4
Q

what is the systemic circuit

A
  • left ventricle to aorta to body to cranial and caudal vena cavae to right atrium
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5
Q

what is the heart beat

A
  • S1 (lub) beginning of ventricle systole (contraction of cardiac muscles) = tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid valves)
  • S2 (Dub): end of ventricular systole (aortic and pulmonary valves close )
  • normal rate at rest is 25-30 beats per minute, average is 35 beats per minute
  • variations represent differences in the size of the horse, the size of the horses heart, breed, temperament,age gender and fitness level
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6
Q

what is blood pressure

A
  • measured as systolic pressure/ diastolic pressure
  • noaml systolic blood pressure (SBP ) ranges from 110-160 mm Hg for a horse at rest
  • normal diastolic pressure (DBP) ranges from 90-110 mm Hg for a horse at rest
  • mean arterial pressure (MAP) ranges from 110-120 mm Hg for a horse at rest
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7
Q

what are a horses blood parameters

A
  • horse has about 80ml of blood per kg of body weight ( the weight of a horses blood is about 10% of its body weight)
  • total blood volume as a ratio of body weight provides a measurement to the horses fitness
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8
Q

how many RBCs do horses have

A
  • horse has 7-11 million red blood cells per microliter of blood
  • ## compared to a humans of 4.2-5.4 million
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9
Q

how many haemoglobin do horses have

A

11-19 gm haemoglobin per decilitre blood

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10
Q

what is the PCV of a healthy horse

A
  • 37-42%
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11
Q

how many erthrocytes does a horse store and where are they stored

A
  • 30% of the horses erythrocytes are stored in the spleen and released when needed to meet higher oxygen demands
  • the maturation of red blood cells normally take 5-7 days during times of high demand this time is reduced to two days
  • erythropoietin stimulates the production and matureation of red blood cells
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12
Q

what is cardiac output

A
  • heart rate X stroke volume (stroke volume is 900-1300ml)
  • cardia output is measured in volume of blood pumped per minute
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13
Q

what is stroke volume determined by

A
  • structural integrity of the heart
  • myocardial contractibility
  • flow resistance
  • ventricle fillability
  • size of the heart ( a function of muscularity)
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14
Q

what is the heart size of the horse

A
  • average horse heart is 0.6% of body weight
  • average thoroughbred horse heart is 0.85 to 1.0% of body weight
  • suggests that selection for faster racing speed indirectly selects for larger heart size
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15
Q

what are the effects of exercise

A
  • increases heart rate = when exercise begins, the horses blood vessels dilate and blood pressure drops. Drop in blood pressure detected by baroreceptors that signals heart to beat faster
  • increases packed cell volume by releasing erythrocytes from the spleen = exercise stimulates the adrenal glands to release epinephrine which induces splenic contractions (packed cell volume will rise from a resting level of about 40% to as much as 65%
  • stroke volume increases
  • repartitions blood flow from organs to skeletal muscles
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16
Q

what does cardiovascular conditioning do to the horse

A
  • reduces resting heart rate
  • reduces heart rate at a specific level of exercise
  • decreases heart rate recovery time (time it takes for heart rate to return to resting level after strenuous exercise)
  • increase capillarity of lungs and muscle tissue
  • increase heart size
  • increases haemoglobin oxygen affinity
17
Q

what is the respiratory system

A
  • carries air from the atmosphere to gas exchange regions of the lungs and back
  • the lungs are responsible for gas exchange
18
Q

what type of breather is the horse

A
  • obligate nasal breather
19
Q

how does air pass through the respiratory system

A
  • air passes through the horses respiratory system through the nostriles and then proceeds through the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx and trachea before entering the lungs
20
Q

what happens when air gets to the lungs

A
  • within the lungs (contained within the thoracic region), air moves through bronchial trees, bronchioles, alveolar ducts and finally to the alveoli, where gas exchange takes place
  • air passes easily between the alveoli of the horse
21
Q

what is the devision of the respiratory tract

A
  • the division of airways within the lungs is monopodial with symmetric irregulat branching and a decrease in the diameter of the passages with each division
  • there are 38-42 divisions of the airways from the trachae to the alveolar ducts resulting in a total of 1010 to 1011 alveoli with a total surface area that can reach 2500 m2
22
Q

what is the 4 phase breathing pattern

A
  • forcible inhalation
  • passive exhalation
  • forcible exhalation
  • passive inhalation
23
Q

what is minute ventilation

A
  • function of tidal volume (Vt) and respiratory frequency (fR)
  • at rest Vt ranges from 5 to 6 litres for a 500 kg thoroughbred
24
Q

what is the rate of air movement

A
  • ( atmospheric pressure - alveolar pressure)/airway resistance
  • sources of airway resistance for horse at rest
  • nasal passage 50%
  • remaining upper airway 30%
  • intrathoracic airways 20%
  • minute volume increases both respiratory rate and tidal volume increases
  • lung complience increases because surfactant secretion is induced by increased tidal volume
  • proportion of dead space ventilation is reduced
25
Q

how does turbulence increase mitigated

A
  • flaring of nostrils
  • dilation of larynx
  • aligning pharynx-larynx - trachea
26
Q

what is LRC

A
  • locomotor respiratory coupling
  • phase relationship between the horses stride and respiratory rate that occurs at the canter and at the gallop
  • at a gallop, the average respiratory rate is 110-130 breaths per minute and tidal volume is 10 leters
27
Q

conditioning and respiration

A
  • the horses lung capacity is fixed
  • conditioning acts to strengthen muscles associated with respiration
  • facilitates alveolar recruitment
28
Q

what is the goal of conditioning

A
  • improve horses ability to produce energy via the metabolic pathway appropriate to the dicipline
29
Q

factors contributing to arterial hypoxaemia during intense exercise

A
  1. shunting of pulmonary arterial circulation to pulmonary venous circulation occurs; unoxygenated blood mixes with reoxygenated blood and lowers arterial oxygen pressure
  2. improveed pulmonary perfusion and high rates of blood through pulmonary circulation in conditioned horses reduces fusion time
  3. high pulmonary pressure causes plasma to leak from capillaries and increases the thickness of the diffusion area
30
Q

horse notes

A
  • horses to not breath through their mouths
  • because of the LRC, respiratory rate = stride rate at canter and gallop
  • the amount of air passing into and out of lungs is directly proportional to speed of horse
  • air resistance is 90% in upper proportion during inhalation and 55% in lungs during exhalation
  • overtightening girth/cinch limits performace by decreasing effectiveness of muscles that move forelegs not by limiting lung expansion
  • horses expand and contract chest when breathing at rest, walk or trot and when blowing hard after workout; during canter and gallop all air movement is affected by movement of diaphragm
  • horses hold their breath when they clear a jump and exhale on their landing
  • conditioning has little effect on changing airway function
  • pulmonary blood vessels pressure rises 4-5 fold during intense exercise; the very thin walls of pulmonary blood vessels can easily leak or rupture during this time

Equine Science ANBI 320 (23 decks)

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