Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology pt.3 Flashcards
How diseases are classified based on how they behave in a population
Communicable Disease
Noncommunicable Disease
Communicable Disease
spread from person to person (directly/indirectly)
chicken pox, measles, tuberculosis, genital herpes, covid-19
Noncommunicable Disease
not spread from person to person
disruption of normal microbiota –> yeast infection
introduction of outside microbes
How diseases are classified based on how severity/duration
Acute disease
Chronic disease
Acute disease
occur suddenly and last short time
influenza, cholera, covid-19
Chronic disease
develops slowly and can last a lifetime
Tuberculosis, chronic hepatitis HIV
How diseases are classified based on extent host is affected
Local infection
Systematic infection
Focal infection
Local infection
small area
boils, abscesses
Systematic infection
throughout body
measles
Focal infection
starts local –>systemic
agent breaks loose
Streptococcal pharyngitis –>scarlet fever
Periodontitis –> endocarditis
How diseases are classified based on frequency of disease
Endemic Disease
Epidemic Disease
Pandemic Disease
Endemic Disease
constantly present in a population with relatively low spread
tuberculosis, malaria, Hepatitis B
Epidemic Disease
increase in cases spreading through a large population
ebola, zika
Pandemic Disease
sudden increase in cases across several countries, continents or the world
Hospital associated infections
Acquired while in a Hospital
Major types of Hospital associated infections
exogenous infection
endogenous infection
exogenous infection
pathogen from another person environment
equipment, bedpans, contaminated surfaces, food, water, air
endogenous infection
microbes from patient themselves
infects during surgical operations, manipulation by instruments, nursing procedures
Factors that contribute to Hospital associated infections
1.) hand hygiene
2.) environmental hygiene
3.) screening and cohorting patients
4.) surveillance
5.) antibiotic stewardship
6.) following guidelines
7.) safety culture
hand hygiene
most important, simplest, and least expensive
environmental hygiene
surfaces and equipment
screening and cohorting patients
early detection multi-drug resistant organisms and isolation colonized/infected patients
surveillance
evaluate local burden –> early detection and identification of clusters and out breaks
antibiotic stewardship
Appropriate antibiotic use reduces resistance emergence
following guidelines
world health organization and centers for disease control and prevention
safety culture
provide patients with safe and quality care
how can hospital associated infections
presence of microorganism in hospital environment
immunocompromised patients
transmission of pathogens between staff and pateients and among patients
