Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology pt.1

Question 1

Types of symbiosis that exist between microbes and humans

Answer 1

Mutualism
Commensalism
Paratism

Question 2

Mutualism

Answer 2

both benefit, colon microbes

Question 3

Commensalism

Answer 3

one benefits, skin microbes

Question 4

Paratism

Answer 4

one benefits, other harmed. disease causing microbe

Question 5

Normal microbiota

Answer 5

colonizes body surface without normally causing disease

Question 6

resident

Answer 6

permanent
established first year of life

Question 7

transient

Answer 7

present short period

Cant persist due to: elimination by immune system, chemical/physical changes that dislodge, microbial antagonism(competition with resident microbiota)

Question 8

What opportunistic pathogens are

Answer 8

microbes that can cause disease under certain conditions

Question 9

Conditions that enable them to cause disease

Answer 9

introduction into usual site:
- gut e.coli –>urethra–> UTI
- Immune surpresion
- AIDs patient

Changes in resident microbiota:
- loss of microbial antagonism
- long term antibiotic use –> yeast infection

Question 10

What reservoirs of infection are

Answer 10

sites where pathogens maintained as source of infection

Question 11

types of reservoirs of infection associated with humans

Answer 11

animal reservoir

human carriers

nonliving reservoirs

Question 12

animal reservoir

Answer 12

direct contact with animal/waste, eating animals, blood sucking arthropods

Question 13

human carriers

Answer 13

asymptomatic infected indivuals can be inefective to others

Question 14

nonliving reservoirs

Answer 14

soil, water, food

Question 15

major modes of transmission associated with infectious disease

Answer 15

contact transmission

vehicle transmission

vector bug transmission

Question 16

contact transmission

Answer 16

direct contact transmission: body contact between host
indirect transmission: spreads by fomites
Droplet transmission: pathogens in droplets that travel short distances. exhaling, coughing, sneezing

Question 17

vehicle transmission

Answer 17

pathogens travel more than 1 meter via aersol. sneezing, coughing, air-conditioning stystems, sweeping.

waterborne transmission: ingestion, gastrointestinal diseases, fecal-oral infection.

Foodborne transmission: ingestion, pathogen in and on food, inadequitly proceeded, cooked/refrigerated foods. food may become contaminated with feces.

Question 18

vector bug transmission

Answer 18

mechanical vectors: passively transmit on their body to new host

Biological Vectors: biting insect

Question 19

Major portals of entrty

Answer 19

skin

mucous membrane

Placenta

Question 20

Skin

Answer 20

barrier to most microbes
entry via: hair follicle opening, gland ducts

Question 21

Mucous membrane

Answer 21

line cavities open to outside

conjunctiva: eyelids and eyeballs
Respitory Tract: inhalation droplets, aersols and dust particles
Gastrointestinal tract: ingestion contaminated food and water
Genitourinary tract: reproductive and urinary

Question 22

Placenta

Answer 22

connection to female. some pathogens can cross
spontaneous abortion, birth defects, premature birth

Question 23

Parenteral route

Answer 23

not major portal

direct deposition: tissues beneath skin/mucous membranes
- blood
- puncture, injection, bite, cut, wound