Industrialiation in Continental Europe 1815-1900 Flashcards
Which country was industrializing fastest durring 1750-1830?
Britain- it developed twice as fast
Second fastest industrializing country durring 1750
Belgium
Third fastest industrializing country during 1750
France; Was slow at first because of French revolution, but picked up the pace eventually
1913 Germany and US
- Closing in on britain
Challenge of Industrailzation
- Revolutions and wars on Continent slw econmic growth
- Tough to compete with GB. Economically and technologically they’re too advanced
- France did not have the money or natural resources of coal and iron
What was Great B focusing on durring the industrial revolution
- Factories
What was France focusing on durring the industrial revolution
- Silk, porcelain and ornate furniture
3 advantages of continental countries durring industrialization
- Rich traditions of putting-out enterprise merchant capitalists and urban artistans
- Could simply copy the British way of doing things
- Power of strong central governments could be used to promote industry
Why did France have more challenges in the industrial revolution
- They didn’t have the money or the materials
Agents of Industrialization
- Cockerill in Belgium brings British industry secerets to other parts of Europe
- Harkort in Germany fails at industrialzing the country. Shows how diffucult duplicating British achievements can be
How did government aid industries durring industrialization?
- Building roads/canals,
- Financing railroads
- Erecting tariffs
What did the thinkers and writers believe about the industrialization?
- The industrialization would advance the nation “Economic Nationalism”
Banks played a more important roled on the continent than in GB
- Industrial banks like Bredit Mobilier became important in France and Germany
- These industrial banks mobilized savings of thousands of small investors and invested in railroads and industry
Where did early industrialists come from?
Varied backgrounds
Quakers
Subgroup of protestantistism
What religions were important in Britain?
Quakers and Scots?
Religious people important in France:
Protestans and Jews
What declined as factories grew
Oppurtunities
Why were girls shut out of the factories?
- They wanted girls to do domestic things
A new class of Factory workers
- Many observers claimed tha tthe industrial revolution brought misery to workers
- Romantic poets Blake and Wordsworth protested life of workers pollution of land and water
- Luddities smashed new machines they thought were putting them out of work
- Engles attacked middle classes “The condition of the Working Class in England”
The Life of a Factory Worker
- Others claimed life was improving for workers
- Statistics of purchasing power of workers show little or no improvement between 1780 and 1820
- 1792-1815 liviing conditions actually decline while food prices rose faster than wages
- After 1840 some improvment occurs. Even though hours of labor increased and unemployment was also present
- Diet and supply of clothing improved but housing did not
Working Conditions
Working in factory meant more discipline and less personal freedom
What does the “factory whistle” replace
It replaced the relaxed pace of cottage work with more dicipline and less personal freedom
Refusual of cottage workers to work in factory to led to child labor
- Use of pauper children formbidden in 1902
- Urban factories and coal mines attacted whole families and preserved kinship ties
- Children and parents work long hours
Parliament and Child Labor
- Robert Owen proposes limiting hours of labor and child labor
- The factory Act of 1833 limits child labor and the number of hours children can work in textile factories
- Factory owners required to establish elementary schools for children of employees
- Subcontracting led to close relationship between subcontractor and work crew
- Subcontracting helped maintain kinship ties
Sexual Division of Labor
- New pattern of seperate spheres emerged
- Men were primary wage earner wormen had limited oppurtunities
- Married women were less likely to work outside the home after 1st child born
- Women confined to low- paying dead-end jobs
- Reasons for reorganization along gender lines is debated
- Deeply ingrained “pratiachal tradition” from pre-industrial craft guilds
- Factory discipline conflicted with women’s priority with children
- Sexual division was to control the sexuality of working-class youth
0 Conditions in coal mines illustrate this
