individual differences- paper 2

Question 1

What is the aim of little hans

Answer 1

To investigate the opportunity for Freud to develop his theory of infantile sexuality and the Oedipus complex.

Question 2

What is the sample of Hans

Answer 2

Case study on Hans aged 3 from Australia

Question 3

What is the method of Hans

Answer 3

Case study, observation conducted by his father which he then have weekly reports to Freud. He would then write back with alternative interpretations.

Question 4

What happened in the widdler dream

Answer 4

At 3 1/2 he touched his widdler and mum said she will get the doctor to cut it off. (Start of anxiety)
1st seduction - at 4 his mum powdered his widdler then he said touch it and she said it’s not proper but he said it’s fun.
2nd seduction- climbed into mums bed and said aunt M had said he has a dear little thingummy.

Question 5

What happened in the giraffe dream

Answer 5

He said there was a big giraffe and a crumpled giraffe. When he took away the crumpled one the tall one shouted but he sat on the crumpled one.
(Take mother from father)

Question 6

What happened in the horse (phobia) dream

Answer 6

He had a fear of horses after hearing someone say don’t put your finger near the horse it will bite.
Freud went to Hans as he didn’t like what horses wear and the black around their mouths.
Blinkers - fathers glasses
Black- moustache
Scared of cats falling over. (Horse-father , horse falls , he gets mum)

Question 7

What happened in the 1st Plumber dream

Answer 7

He said he was in the bath and the plumber unscrewed it then took a big borer and stuck it into my stomach.
He was then afraid his mum would let him go and he would drown.
His father said would you rather your sister of drown and he said yes.
4 days later he had a dream that he had children with his mum and the dad was the grandfather.

Question 8

What was the second plumber dream

Answer 8

Came and took away his widdler and behind with a pair of pincers.
His father said did he give you a bigger widdler and behind. He replied yes. The father said like daddies and Hans said yes and I want a moustache and glasses like you .
This was interpreted as him overcoming anxiety as he was happy it had been replaced with a bigger one.

Question 9

What happened in the defecation dream

Answer 9

became occupied with lumfs after seeing his mum widdling and lumfing.
He thought lumfs were babies and invented the word Lodi for babies.
He was scared of his mum giving birth of the lumf.

Question 10

What is the theme of Hans

Answer 10

Psychodynamic and understanding disorders.

Question 11

What is the idiographic approach

Answer 11

Everyone is unique so there is no need to be generalised by everyone else.
Understand behaviour through studying individual cases.
Rejects science, qualitative data

Question 12

What is the Nomothetic approach

Answer 12

Understanding behaviour through developing laws and principles that apply to all individuals.
Scientific, quantitative data.

Question 13

What are the assumptions of the individual differences approach.

Answer 13

Looks for differences in behaviour between individuals.
Individual differences in their behaviour so aren’t considered the ‘average person’.
Each individual is genetically unique, uniqueness is displayed through everyone behaving differently.
Individuals can be studied ideographically as behaviour is unique to them.

Question 14

What is the background of baron-cohen ?

Answer 14

Sally-Anne test: demonstrated children with ASC lack theory of mind.
Ceiling effect- only works for 6 year olds.
Happé- more advanced theory of mind for adults- judging mental and physical state.

Question 15

What is the aim of baron-cohen ?

Answer 15

To investigate if high functioning adults with ASC did have a theory of mind.

Question 16

What is the theory of mind ?

Answer 16

Individuals with ASC lack ability to understand what is going on in someone else’s mind.
Can’t recognise facial expressions .

Question 17

What is the method ?

Answer 17

Quasi , matched pairs , snapshot
iV- autism, no autism.

Question 18

What is the sample?

Answer 18

. 16, People with ASC, self- selected from advertisement in national autistic society magazine and well known doctors.
. 50, normal adults, random sampling from subject panel at university of Cambridge.
. 10, Tourette’s syndrome, self-selected clinic in London.
Group 2/5 were a control group
Tourette’s had link with abnormalities in frontal lobe in brain.

Question 19

What was the eye task measure and results ?

Answer 19

1) eye task with 25 black and white photos size (15x10) of eye regions shown for 3 secs. 2 opposing adjectives one target(correct) one foil (wrong )
Results: ASC did less well, mean score of 16.
Normal and Tourette’s did about the same could have been ceiling effect as some of them got full marks.
Normal females performed

Question 20

What is the strange storied task and results ?

Answer 20

Follows on from happés research.
To prove the trait of taking things literally.
Group 1 and 3 tested they were asked questions based upon what characters in the story were thinking and also questions about physical events.
Hypothetical and figure of speech (colloquial language) questions.
Results:
ASC made more mistakes but no participant in the Tourette’s group did .

Question 21

What were the 2 control tasks ?

Answer 21

Gender recognition of the eyes - ASC identify gender from eyes which involeves face perception but not mind reading
Basic emotion recognition task - ASC emotion recognition from the whole face.

Question 22

What are the results of the two control tasks ?

Answer 22

ASC performed normally on gender recognition and basic emotional recognition this shows they can identify basic emotion but can’t interpret what this means.

Question 23

How is baron-cohen high in concurrent validity?

Answer 23

It supports happés reasearch, therefore already been proven that ASC lack theory of the mind.

Question 24

what is the maslow hierarchy of needs

Answer 24

triangle that says to meet the top of self actualisation you need all the other.

Question 25

what are some traits of psychopathy

Answer 25

selfish, lack of conscience, manipulated, lack of remorse, narcissistic.

Question 26

what does language do

Answer 26

reveals a lot about our personality

Question 27

what does porter at al say?

Answer 27

psychopaths in the Canadian penal system were approximately 2.5 times more likely than non-psychopaths to be successful in their parole applications.

Question 28

what is the overall aim of Hancock

Answer 28

to use text analysis to analyse language of psychopaths in describing their violent crimes

Question 29

what is aim 1 and its finding

Answer 29

an instrumental/ predatory world view
measured by number of clauses.
-psychopaths used more subordinating conjunctions- describing cause and effect.

Question 30

what is aim 2 and its finding

Answer 30

unique socioemotional needs - little need for others more concerned with basic needs
measured by Maslow (food/sex)
psychopaths talk about their basic needs but non psychopaths talk about other needs like their family.

Question 31

what is aim 3 and its findings

Answer 31

poverty of affect- difficulty identifying emotional faces.
measured by number of disfluencies and past tense.
psychopaths use more past tense, concrete nouns, past tense, more disfluencies
no difference in emotional language.

Question 32

what is the design of Hancock

Answer 32

quasi experiment, independent measures
iv: psychopaths, non psychopaths
DV: measures of language from the text analysis.

Question 33

what is the sample of hancock

Answer 33

52 male murderers, Canadian correctional facilities volunteered.
14 psychopaths, 38 non psychopaths.
no difference in type of murder, age, time since crime.
self-selected- told they were being observed on their manner whilst recalling their offence

Question 34

what are the materials of hancock

Answer 34

psychopathy assessment- looked at traits and scored from 0-2 in 20 criteria
a score of 25+ would indicate psychopathy.

Question 35

how was the text analysed

Answer 35

Wmatrix- classifies types of words from a paragraph into nouns, verbs etc.
dictionary of effect in language ( DAL)- classifies emotional content- tone of words.

Question 36

what are the controls in Hancock

Answer 36

PCL-R- already completed by trained prison psychologists- inter-rater reliability- gained by trained graduate to code from Qual-Quan
Interviews - audiotaped- inter-rater, semi-structured
stepwise technique- asked to describe offence in as much detail as possible.
conducted by 2 senior psychologists and 1 researcher (blind)
lasted 25 mins

Question 37

how is hancock ethical

Answer 37

at start verbally debriefed
self-selected- informed consent

Question 38

what is the aim of Gould

Answer 38

to review how intelligence has been measured using Yerkes as an example and problems with psychometric testing, theoretical influence

Question 39

what is the alpha test

Answer 39

literate exam- written on culturally specific topics making it biased for someone who is unaware of American culture
eight parts

Question 40

what is a beta test

Answer 40

people who failed alpha test
pictorial with 7 parts which are culturally specific lowering validity.

Question 41

how was psychology perceived and what did Yerkes think

Answer 41

a soft science that lacks objectivity and Yerkes wanted it to be as rigorous as physics

Question 42

what was the sample of Yerkes

Answer 42

1.75 WW1 army recruits including white Americans, European immigrants, USA. only men- gender bias.

Question 43

what is the individual spoken exam

Answer 43

if they failed the beta they were graded A-E and labelled whether they were suitable for a position in the army but was rarely used.

Question 44

findings of yerkes

Answer 44

European immigrants could be graded by their country of origin.
average mental age of white American is 13 but should be 16 - claimed to be because of interbreeding.
average mental age of 10.775 for alpha, beta mean is 12.158

Question 45

Gould’s conclusion of Yerkes

Answer 45

isn’t reliable as IQ tests are culturally and historically biased
can grade a country by intelligence
can lead to tragic consequences like change of laws stopping immigrants entering America.
America is a nation of morons

Question 46

how is Yerkes ethnocentric

Answer 46

culture bias as the alpha and beta tests are culturally specific tests so can’t generalise to other countries as they all have different ideas on measuring intelligence.
however sample consisted of native Americans and European immigrants from a range of backgrounds so can be generalised to all.

Question 47

ethical issues in Yerkes

Answer 47

protection of participants- results led to people being told they can’t enter a country from being wrongly judged.

Question 48

nature/ nurture debate of Gould

Answer 48

nature- Yerkes believed intelligence was innate depending of country of birth.
nurture- Gould believed intelligence could be affected by the environment like time spent in use.