Area 3 - forensic

Question 1

what approach is area 3

Answer 1

cognitive

Question 2

what is area 3

Answer 2

collection of evidence from witnesses and suspects

Question 3

if you are suspected to a crime and the police arrest you what do they say in the UK

Answer 3

you do not have to say anything but it may harm your defence if you do not mention when questioned something you may later rely on in court, anything you do say may be given as evidence

Question 4

what do the FBI say when they arrest someone in America

Answer 4

you have the right to remain silent, anything you do say can and will be used against you in the court of law, you have the right to an attorney, if you can’t afford one, one will be appointed for you.

Question 5

what is are the features of an interview that make it an interview

Answer 5

conversation- dialogue-2 people- don’t have to reply with an answer
recorded x3
no accusatory- gathers data and starts new paths
psychologically manipulates suspect
assesses subjects truthfulness

Question 6

how does interrogation differ from an interview

Answer 6

repeating questions until they answer- if not prods/abuse given
monologue- police fire at them
accusing them
obtain confession

Question 7

what is the Reid technique and where was it used

Answer 7

9 steps to an interview and interrogation - US

Question 8

what is the first stage of the Reid technique

Answer 8

positive confrontation- confront with strong assertion of guilt with incriminating evidence e.g. “we know you have done this because”

Question 9

what is the second stage of the Reid technique

Answer 9

theme development- minimise seriousness of offence by offering justifications in a way to get truth e.g. you took the money because you needed it for food”

Question 10

what is the third stage of the Reid technique

Answer 10

handling denials- interrupt denials and watch for signals that they are going to deny

Question 11

what is the fourth stage of the Reid technique

Answer 11

overcoming objections- overcome any moral/emotional objections on why/why not they would have committed crime e.g. government

Question 12

what is the fifth stage of the Reid technique

Answer 12

procurement and retention of suspects attention- once objections are turned down to prove guilt, more forward in body language

Question 13

what is the sixth stage of the Reid technique

Answer 13

handling suspects passive mood- show sympathy so there reengaged- cry infers guilt

Question 14

what is the seventh stage of the Reid technique

Answer 14

presenting an alternative question- two guilt interpretations for crime- one more socially acceptable- suspect chooses easier one

Question 15

what is the eight stage of Reid technique

Answer 15

getting suspect to confess orally- preliminary admission- then seek detail about crime

Question 16

what is the ninth stage of Reid technique

Answer 16

oral to written confession- converted into full written confession detailing what, how, why that will be credible in court

Question 17

what is a way of remembering order

Answer 17

all the horse owners ride so amazingly on Wednesdays

Question 18

what is a problem interrogation can lead to

Answer 18

false confessions

Question 19

what did Kassin say about interrogation

Answer 19

guilt presumptive process that’s outcome is a confession so hopefully those who are innocent are detected at some point so questioned reliability- interrogator should re evaluate their beliefs.

Question 20

how can conformation bias lead to false confessions

Answer 20

look for things to support belief
interrogators are unlikely to re evaluate beliefs- look for evidence to prove their guilty to get confession

Question 21

how can willingness to comply lead to false confessions

Answer 21

some people are more vulnerable because of eagerness to please others and avoid confrontation

Question 22

how can age lead to false confessions

Answer 22

immature development- impulsive
don’t like confrontation - don’t understand
older- cognitive decline

Question 23

how can psychological disorders lead to false confessions

Answer 23

distorted memories/ perceptions

Question 24

what did Gudjonsson specialise in and his belief

Answer 24

false confessions- police coerced false confessions in case of IRA bombings of Birmingham six - sentence to life in prison but sentence got overturned even with 4 signing confession
he believes there are 4 factors surrounding confession that need to be investigated

Question 25

what were the 4 factors Gudjonsson suggests needs investigating

Answer 25

the defendant - false confessions often come form very young/old, low IQ, mental health sufferers
arrest- night or interrogated for long periods- more false confessions
mental/physical state- suspect stressed, ill, intoxicated- confession unreliable
interrogation- coercive, biased or leading interview tactics can encourage vulnerable suspects to make false confessions

Question 26

how do police usually get inforamtion from witness

Answer 26

standard interview = rapid fire questions with frequent interruptions

Question 27

what is a weakness of standard interviews

Answer 27

too standardised - less detail

Question 28

what was the difference about recall of L+P and grant

Answer 28

grant- improvement of recall
L+P- accuracy of recall

Question 29

how did L+P and grant theories develop the cognitive interview

Answer 29

grant- context reinstatement- put them back in senses
L+P-order change to prevent them from expecting what happens next

Question 30

what did Bartlett study

Answer 30

‘ghost stories’- people confabulate and reconstruct memories based on what they expect to happen

Question 31

what was fisher and Geiselman’s technique and how did they say it should be used

Answer 31

bring them back to crime scene using 4 components: context reinstatement, report everything, recall from changed perspective, recall in different order - should be used as a toolbox not a recipe - chosen for scenario

Question 32

what was the aim of Fisher and Geiselman

Answer 32

teste CI in real interviews with witnesses

Question 33

what was the sample of fisher and Geiselman

Answer 33

16 police detectives from robbery division of Dade county, Florida - 7 were trained in CI technique

Question 34

what was the procedure of fisher and Geiselman

Answer 34

interviews were recorded and analysed by a team at Uni of California who were blind to conditions (didn’t know who were trained detectives)

Question 35

what did fisher and Geiselman find and conclude

Answer 35

63% more information was gathered from detectives who were trained in CI than those who weren’t
concluded that CI can gain extra information

Question 36

what is the enhanced cognitive interview that fisher and Geiselman

Answer 36

get social dynamic right- personalise the interview and build rapport
communication and control- witness takes control and reports everything
free report and context reinstatement
open ended questions
introduce important questions
closure for witness -leave them in positive mind
interviewer evaluate interview

Question 37

what is the background of Memon and Higham

Answer 37

fisher- training detectives to use cognitive interview and found there was increased recall and 90% accuracy so suggested the cognitive interview is better than the standard interview

Question 38

what was the aim of Memon and Higham

Answer 38

to review the CI based on 4 areas
- different components
- measures of intelligence
-comparing CI with other interview techniques
- effect of training quality

Question 39

what was the method of Memon and Higham

Answer 39

review article discussing 4 aims, considering theoretical and methodological issues

Question 40

what is the sample of Memon and Higham

Answer 40

studies and articles used

Question 41

what was reviewed about the different components of CI

Answer 41

context reinstatement - get witness to form image in there head so they reconstruct the physical and personal contents of the crime- main component for increasing recall
report everything- even if they consider it irrelevant it might be valuable when putting the crime together
recall in variety of perspectives- place them selves in shoes of victim or another witness and report what they could have seen to increase detail- however this could confuse the witness
retrieval from different starting points- changes retrieval description to add more detail- 2nd most important for improved recall

Question 42

what did they say about GMI compared to CI

Answer 42

GMI- guided memory is most similar to CI so best to compare as encourages witness to mentally reinstate context and requires interviewer to produce
Malpas and Devine- staged act of vandalism then 5 months later children where guided and probed on full description on what happened

Question 43

what did they say about standard compared to CI

Answer 43

not good comparison as standard is rapid fire, frequent interruption which CI don’t don’t
large individual differences in standard interview as no training
cognitive requires specialised training

Question 44

what did they say about structured interview compared to CI

Answer 44

build rapport by giving them plenty time to respond and give descriptions
a lot of these factors are found in CI, however CI has a lot more factors
both require training

Question 45

what is the enhanced interview

Answer 45

combines 4 features with other strategies and all work interactively , e.g., building rapport will make witnesses more relaxed.
suggests effectiveness is due to improved communication to access the information

Question 46

what did Memon and Higham say about quality training

Answer 46

relies a lot on the interviewer so likely differences in attitudes, motives or prior experience can effect results obtained
interviewer should be given adequate training in CI techniques - 2 day programme
select training to those interviewers as others won’t benefit from training

Question 47

how is memory measured according to Memon and Higham

Answer 47

percentage of correct statements or number of correct/ incorrect statements

Question 48

what is PEACE framework

Answer 48

planning- most important phase where they should create an interview plan
Engage/explain- establish and maintain rapport - allows interviewer to develop lines of argument
Account/clarification/challenge- open ended prompts like ‘tell me what happened’
active listening- allow them to say what they want without interruption
break it down
Closure- planned so it doesn’t end abruptly , e.g., announcing date and time before turning recording equipment off
Evaluation- interviewer needs time to evaluate to see if account fits into rest of evaluation

Question 49

how is PEACE framework useful

Answer 49

more ethical way of collecting data
saves time as convictions can be secured faster
assumes suspect who is lying will build up series of fake explanations that eventually lead to their story breaking down due to inconsistencies
special training needed especially to plan and prepare e.g., specialists to crime scene

Question 50

outline the start process of audio recording interviews

Answer 50

when suspect is brought to room the recorder is turned on and new media is loaded when suspect is there
interviewer should tell suspect about recording process and point out the sign that shows the recording equipment is active
- give their name and rank
ask suspect/ anyone else there to identify themselves
state time, date and place

Question 51

outline the ending of an audio recording of interviews

Answer 51

interviewer reminds them of free legal advice
at conclusion , including taking and reading back of any written statement, time is recorded and stopped
seals master recording specific to that exhibit and signed by them and suspect

Question 52

how are audio tape recordings considered useful and any problems

Answer 52

safeguard suspects
accurate record of interview than note taking and avoid any unnecessary disputes on what was said
recording equipment may fail and tape replaced but if it can’t it needs to be authorised