Area 3 - forensic Flashcards

1
Q

what approach is area 3

A

cognitive

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2
Q

what is area 3

A

collection of evidence from witnesses and suspects

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3
Q

if you are suspected to a crime and the police arrest you what do they say in the UK

A

you do not have to say anything but it may harm your defence if you do not mention when questioned something you may later rely on in court, anything you do say may be given as evidence

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4
Q

what do the FBI say when they arrest someone in America

A

you have the right to remain silent, anything you do say can and will be used against you in the court of law, you have the right to an attorney, if you can’t afford one, one will be appointed for you.

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5
Q

what is are the features of an interview that make it an interview

A

conversation- dialogue-2 people- don’t have to reply with an answer
recorded x3
no accusatory- gathers data and starts new paths
psychologically manipulates suspect
assesses subjects truthfulness

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6
Q

how does interrogation differ from an interview

A

repeating questions until they answer- if not prods/abuse given
monologue- police fire at them
accusing them
obtain confession

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7
Q

what is the Reid technique and where was it used

A

9 steps to an interview and interrogation - US

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8
Q

what is the first stage of the Reid technique

A

positive confrontation- confront with strong assertion of guilt with incriminating evidence e.g. “we know you have done this because”

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9
Q

what is the second stage of the Reid technique

A

theme development- minimise seriousness of offence by offering justifications in a way to get truth e.g. you took the money because you needed it for food”

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10
Q

what is the third stage of the Reid technique

A

handling denials- interrupt denials and watch for signals that they are going to deny

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11
Q

what is the fourth stage of the Reid technique

A

overcoming objections- overcome any moral/emotional objections on why/why not they would have committed crime e.g. government

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12
Q

what is the fifth stage of the Reid technique

A

procurement and retention of suspects attention- once objections are turned down to prove guilt, more forward in body language

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13
Q

what is the sixth stage of the Reid technique

A

handling suspects passive mood- show sympathy so there reengaged- cry infers guilt

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14
Q

what is the seventh stage of the Reid technique

A

presenting an alternative question- two guilt interpretations for crime- one more socially acceptable- suspect chooses easier one

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15
Q

what is the eight stage of Reid technique

A

getting suspect to confess orally- preliminary admission- then seek detail about crime

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16
Q

what is the ninth stage of Reid technique

A

oral to written confession- converted into full written confession detailing what, how, why that will be credible in court

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17
Q

what is a way of remembering order

A

all the horse owners ride so amazingly on Wednesdays

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18
Q

what is a problem interrogation can lead to

A

false confessions

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19
Q

what did Kassin say about interrogation

A

guilt presumptive process that’s outcome is a confession so hopefully those who are innocent are detected at some point so questioned reliability- interrogator should re evaluate their beliefs.

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20
Q

how can conformation bias lead to false confessions

A

look for things to support belief
interrogators are unlikely to re evaluate beliefs- look for evidence to prove their guilty to get confession

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21
Q

how can willingness to comply lead to false confessions

A

some people are more vulnerable because of eagerness to please others and avoid confrontation

22
Q

how can age lead to false confessions

A

immature development- impulsive
don’t like confrontation - don’t understand
older- cognitive decline

23
Q

how can psychological disorders lead to false confessions

A

distorted memories/ perceptions

24
Q

what did Gudjonsson specialise in and his belief

A

false confessions- police coerced false confessions in case of IRA bombings of Birmingham six - sentence to life in prison but sentence got overturned even with 4 signing confession
he believes there are 4 factors surrounding confession that need to be investigated

25
what were the 4 factors Gudjonsson suggests needs investigating
the defendant - false confessions often come form very young/old, low IQ, mental health sufferers arrest- night or interrogated for long periods- more false confessions mental/physical state- suspect stressed, ill, intoxicated- confession unreliable interrogation- coercive, biased or leading interview tactics can encourage vulnerable suspects to make false confessions
26
how do police usually get inforamtion from witness
standard interview = rapid fire questions with frequent interruptions
27
what is a weakness of standard interviews
too standardised - less detail
28
what was the difference about recall of L+P and grant
grant- improvement of recall L+P- accuracy of recall
29
how did L+P and grant theories develop the cognitive interview
grant- context reinstatement- put them back in senses L+P-order change to prevent them from expecting what happens next
30
what did Bartlett study
'ghost stories'- people confabulate and reconstruct memories based on what they expect to happen
31
what was fisher and Geiselman's technique and how did they say it should be used
bring them back to crime scene using 4 components: context reinstatement, report everything, recall from changed perspective, recall in different order - should be used as a toolbox not a recipe - chosen for scenario
32
what was the aim of Fisher and Geiselman
teste CI in real interviews with witnesses
33
what was the sample of fisher and Geiselman
16 police detectives from robbery division of Dade county, Florida - 7 were trained in CI technique
34
what was the procedure of fisher and Geiselman
interviews were recorded and analysed by a team at Uni of California who were blind to conditions (didn't know who were trained detectives)
35
what did fisher and Geiselman find and conclude
63% more information was gathered from detectives who were trained in CI than those who weren't concluded that CI can gain extra information
36
what is the enhanced cognitive interview that fisher and Geiselman
get social dynamic right- personalise the interview and build rapport communication and control- witness takes control and reports everything free report and context reinstatement open ended questions introduce important questions closure for witness -leave them in positive mind interviewer evaluate interview
37
what is the background of Memon and Higham
fisher- training detectives to use cognitive interview and found there was increased recall and 90% accuracy so suggested the cognitive interview is better than the standard interview
38
what was the aim of Memon and Higham
to review the CI based on 4 areas - different components - measures of intelligence -comparing CI with other interview techniques - effect of training quality
39
what was the method of Memon and Higham
review article discussing 4 aims, considering theoretical and methodological issues
40
what is the sample of Memon and Higham
studies and articles used
41
what was reviewed about the different components of CI
context reinstatement - get witness to form image in there head so they reconstruct the physical and personal contents of the crime- main component for increasing recall report everything- even if they consider it irrelevant it might be valuable when putting the crime together recall in variety of perspectives- place them selves in shoes of victim or another witness and report what they could have seen to increase detail- however this could confuse the witness retrieval from different starting points- changes retrieval description to add more detail- 2nd most important for improved recall
42
what did they say about GMI compared to CI
GMI- guided memory is most similar to CI so best to compare as encourages witness to mentally reinstate context and requires interviewer to produce Malpas and Devine- staged act of vandalism then 5 months later children where guided and probed on full description on what happened
43
what did they say about standard compared to CI
not good comparison as standard is rapid fire, frequent interruption which CI don't don't large individual differences in standard interview as no training cognitive requires specialised training
44
what did they say about structured interview compared to CI
build rapport by giving them plenty time to respond and give descriptions a lot of these factors are found in CI, however CI has a lot more factors both require training
45
what is the enhanced interview
combines 4 features with other strategies and all work interactively , e.g., building rapport will make witnesses more relaxed. suggests effectiveness is due to improved communication to access the information
46
what did Memon and Higham say about quality training
relies a lot on the interviewer so likely differences in attitudes, motives or prior experience can effect results obtained interviewer should be given adequate training in CI techniques - 2 day programme select training to those interviewers as others won't benefit from training
47
how is memory measured according to Memon and Higham
percentage of correct statements or number of correct/ incorrect statements
48
what is PEACE framework
planning- most important phase where they should create an interview plan Engage/explain- establish and maintain rapport - allows interviewer to develop lines of argument Account/clarification/challenge- open ended prompts like 'tell me what happened' active listening- allow them to say what they want without interruption break it down Closure- planned so it doesn't end abruptly , e.g., announcing date and time before turning recording equipment off Evaluation- interviewer needs time to evaluate to see if account fits into rest of evaluation
49
how is PEACE framework useful
more ethical way of collecting data saves time as convictions can be secured faster assumes suspect who is lying will build up series of fake explanations that eventually lead to their story breaking down due to inconsistencies special training needed especially to plan and prepare e.g., specialists to crime scene
50
outline the start process of audio recording interviews
when suspect is brought to room the recorder is turned on and new media is loaded when suspect is there interviewer should tell suspect about recording process and point out the sign that shows the recording equipment is active - give their name and rank ask suspect/ anyone else there to identify themselves state time, date and place
51
outline the ending of an audio recording of interviews
interviewer reminds them of free legal advice at conclusion , including taking and reading back of any written statement, time is recorded and stopped seals master recording specific to that exhibit and signed by them and suspect
52
how are audio tape recordings considered useful and any problems
safeguard suspects accurate record of interview than note taking and avoid any unnecessary disputes on what was said recording equipment may fail and tape replaced but if it can't it needs to be authorised