area 3- mental health Flashcards
what does cognitive say mental health is caused by
faulty processing
what does Albert Ellis say about cause of depression
(ABC MODEL)
an activating event causes us to have an irrational belief / negative interpretation that leads to a consequence of what they do e.g. withdraw from society.
if this becomes habitual (normal/repeated)- it becomes internalised which means they have depression
what did Beck say about depression
depression is a result from systematic negative bias (automatically thinks bad)
believes in the negative triad:
the self-“ I am hopeless”
the future-“ I will never improve”
the world-“the world is cold and dark”
he believes if one changes hopefully the others will change
once depressed- they find evidence to confirm negative thoughts
what does Beck say about phobias
attentional bias- focus on looking for threat- so pay extreme attention to situations/objects that produce fear- hypervigilant.
negative appraisal bias- exaggerate risk of danger as they underestimate their ability to cope so develop phobia on harmless situations
what does frith say about schizophrenia
cognitive deficit theory- people with schizophrenia are aware of cognitive processes so thoughts that are normally filtered aren’t so takes longer to process, leading to sensory overload
what is the non-biological treatment of the cognitive area
cognitive behavioural therapy
change the way the way they think and therefore behave.
what are the key assumptions of the behaviourist explanation
behaviour is learnt “used to back up nurture”
reinforcement- reward (desirable outcome)
observable- science exp/observation
environmentally determinism
what does behaviourist say about mental health
reinforce a symptom like attention/ time off work- mental health
how does social learning theory explain depression/anxiety
observes depressive behaviour from a role model they identify with and imitate their behaviour because of either vicarious reinforcement where they see someone else get a reward of attention so display the same symptoms or direct reinforcement where they get the reward once eg. time off work then display symptoms again to get reward again until this becomes internalised and they develop depression
what is/how does operant conditioning explain depression/anxiety
learn from consequence
positive reinforcement- reward
negative reinforcement- avoidance- avoid lift makes feel better so rewards them going up stairs
positive punishment- doing something to benefit someone but may cause them harm.
what is evidence that operant conditioning explains depression
Levinson- positive reinforcement of reward is lost causing depression e.g someone dies- positive reinforcement of quality time is lost.
explain how classical conditioning explains phobias
UCS- unconditional stimulus (natural- not learned)
UCR- unconditional response (e.g pain)
NS- neutral stimulus same as CS
CS-conditional stimulus (phobia of)
CR- conditional response
how does classical conditioning explain phobias - evidence
paired association- associate stimulus with fear response
Watson: little albert- fear of rat as paired with loud noise
how does classical conditioning explain depression and evidence to support it
learned helplessness- learn you can’t be helped
Maier- placed dogs in cage and classically conditioned them to receive shock after tone was heard , then placed in a cage with half a wall for them to escape and they didn’t as they had learnt they can’t escape so didn’t even try.
what are 2 examples that learned helplessness can be applied to real life
manipulative relationships
school assessment’s- think they aren’t good enough so give up .
what are the non-biological treatments of behaviourism
flooding and systematic desensitisation
explain how flooding works
extreme therapy with no escape
energy isn’t infinite so will reach a point where anxiety stops and the individual is calm as energy levels dropped , this is creates a new positive association with the phobia
explain what systematic desensitisation is and the 4 main stages
gradual therapy that forms new association with fear stimuli and relaxation techniques
1- functional analysis: discussion to find reasons for phobia
2- construction of an anxiety hierarchy: unique to individual as the measure on the scale from least fearful to most fearful
3- relaxation training: breathing exercises and muscle relaxation
4-gradual exposure: start with least threatening, every fear reaction will be followed by relaxation techniques, when no anxiety presented they will go to next stage in hierarchy
what are some strengths and weaknesses of behavioural treatments
- time consuming- some people with serious cases would be better on medication
some objects are too dangerous (flooding)
various objects- real and photos
all in controlled environment- science
what are the assumptions of the psychodynamic explanation/ concepts and applications
behaviour happens in the subconscious
down to unresolved childhood conflict
personality
idiographic- case study- longitudinal
tripartite of personality/ Oedipus/Electra complex
psychoanalysis: dream analysis/free association
explain the tripartite of personality
ID- pleasure principle- animal instincts only
super ego- moral principle- what society expects
ego- reality principle- defence mechanisms:
repression= push it down, displacement= onto something else, regression= go back to less traumatic time
how does the tripartite explain depression using an example
depression closely resembles to grief that we loose something real or symbolic but the difference between normal grief and depression is self-hatred
cold parenting:
ID- fight the parent
Superego- don’t do it there will be a punishment
Ego- repress subconscious rage, turning it inwards so self-hatred begins and they believe their not good enough
how does the tripartite explain anxiety/phobias
conflict in childhood- first manifested
no superego as that develops at 5
ID - fear response (animal)
EGO- threatened so displaces conflict on neutral stimulus (spider) this represents initial fearful situation
example of how tripartite explaining phobias could happen in real life
watching tv show with horses which makes them jump and cry, the ego will displace the crying and fear onto horse so they every time they see horse their subconscious remembers the fearful situation
