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biological psychology- paper2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the assumptions of the biological approach.

A

everything psychological is at first biological.
how biological structure and processes within the body impacts on behaviour.
all behaviour is down to the brain, genetics, neurochemistry.

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2
Q

what are the 4 concepts of the approach

A

genetic, evolution, brain regions, brain activity.

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3
Q

what is the group of connections between the hemispheres called

A

corpus callosum.

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4
Q

what is the surgery called which splits hemispheres

A

commissurotomy.

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5
Q

what is lateralisation of function

A

hemispheres ( brain works in opposites)

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6
Q

what is localisation of function

A

brain regions.

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7
Q

what is the aim of Sperry ?

A

to investigate the psychological effects hemispheric disconnection has in patients with severe epilepsy.

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8
Q

what is the method ?

A

controlled observation, snapshot, quasi- brain already halved.
IV: presence or absence of split brain.
DV: performance on various visual and tactile tasks.

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9
Q

what is the sample?

A

11 split brain patients, LA, opportunity sample from the white memorial centre.
(no culture bias - everyone has a brain )

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10
Q

what are the materials used in sperry?

A

tachistoscope- projects behind screen and flashes image for 0.1 seconds. they can reach objects but can’t see them.

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11
Q

what is task 1
(verbal)

A

visual stimulus was presented to either left or right visual filed. then shown to other and asked if they recognise object

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12
Q

what is task 2
(verbal)

A

shown stimuli to left and right hemisphere and asked to describe it .

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13
Q

what is task 3
(written)

A

shown stimuli to left and right hemisphere separately then asked to write what they saw.

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14
Q

what is task 4
(tactile/pointing)

A

shown stimuli to left and write hemisphere separately then asked to point at it.

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15
Q

what is task 5
(draw)

A

stimuli presented simultaneously (same time) to LH and RH. asked to draw with left hand.

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16
Q

what is task 6
(tactile)

A

words composed of 2 words (half on LH and half on RH ) asked to identify in 3 ways: search for object under screen, say it , write it.

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17
Q

what is task 7
( tactile)

A

object placed in hands and asked to say/ write the name of it.

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18
Q

what is the left and right hemisphere responsible for.

A

left- language
right- emotion

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19
Q

what are the results ( L/R visual field)

A

right visual field- ( goes to left hemisphere) describe, point and find with right hand.
left visual field- ( goes to right hemisphere)
can’t name, point or find with left hand.

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20
Q

what is a conclusion of sperry

A

hemispheres are independent and have responsibilities.
multiple processing can occur (dual)
supports bio approach ( brain regions )

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21
Q

what is the background of Casey

A

cognitive control- resisting temptation
known as marshmallow test
cooling strategies- supress temptation and reduces appeal of reward.
hot cues-desire for something( emotional)
cool cues- takes emotion away
Metcalfe and mischel: cooling system- decision making, called inferior frontal gyrus- more active in high delayers.
ventral striatum- active in low delayers.

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22
Q

what is the aim of exp1- cognitive test

A

to investigate if people who were low delayers in original marshmallow test would still have low self-control in 40s.

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23
Q

what is the method of casey

A

quasi
iv - high delayers, low delayers
dv- number of errors on the go/ no go task

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24
Q

what is the procedure of exp 1

A

go and no/go task
go- push button because of hot cue eg. happy face.
no go - no button, cool cue eg. neutral happy.

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25
Q

how was casey standardised

A

each did 4 tasks at home with a computer provided to them ( not high in EV as you don’t press buzzers at home )
shown for 500 ms with 1 sec intervals.

26
Q

what is the sample of casey

A

562 ppts
1993, 20’s, 155 ppts
2003, 30’s 135 ppts = self report
*59 tested, 27- low delayer, 32- high delayer

27
Q

exp1- results

A

ppts who can delay gratitude as a child can delay gratitude as an adult.
no difference between high/low delayers in terms of reaction time.
in the no go trials low delayers made more errors on hot task.

28
Q

experiment 2 aim

A

to investigate if regions of the brain predicted delay of gratification.

29
Q

procedure of exp2

A

used FMRI scan doing same tasks but was a 2-14.5 delay between presentation.

30
Q

sample of exp 2

A

26 out of 59 in scanner.
repeated measures as go no/go task again but in scanner.

31
Q

results of exp2

A

both groups scored highly on accuracy.
low delayers showed reduced activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus than high delayers.

32
Q

conclusions

A

localisation of function
if you delay gratification as a child you can as an adult.
‘hot and cold’ cues effect self-control

33
Q

what is the background of Blakemore and cooper

A

-visual cortex- Hubel and Wiesel stimulated individual neurons in visual cortex and found that their are columns of cells that responds to particular orientations so at 45* only one column will detect line.
-can orientation change because of environment? Hirsch and Spinelli- raised cats with one eye exposed to vertical one eye horizontal and found cells now monocularly driven.

34
Q

what is aim 1 of Blackmore and cooper

A

-to investigate further the physiological and behavioural effects of restricted early visual experience on the development of cells of visual cortex

35
Q

what is aim 2

A

consider if brain development/plasticity occurs due to nurture rather than nature

36
Q

what is the method

A

lab experiment, independent measures.

37
Q

what is the IV/DV

A

IV- horizontal or vertical environment
DV- behavioural and neurological differences between vertical and horizontal cats environments

38
Q

what is the sample

A

two cats one in vertical and one in horizontal environment
tested: behavioural- 5 months
neurological- 7.5 months

39
Q

what are the materials used

A

cylinder with glass base either horizontally lined or vertically.
kittens had back colour to prevent them seeing their body.

40
Q

what happened in the first 2 weeks and then the second week in the procedure

A

first 2- in a dark room with binocular vision
2 weeks old- placed in a cylinder for 5 hours a day.

41
Q

what was important about the cats at 5 months old.

A

critical period as visual systems are fully developed so can change.

42
Q

what happened after 5 months for the cats

A

for several hours a week they would be placed in a well-lit room with chairs and tables.
given lenses so astigmitation wasn’t a problenm

43
Q

how was their behaviour test measuring

A

cats initial responses to new visions were observed and watched over the following weeks.

44
Q

what were the behavioural testing results

A

some reflexes were normal. temporary deficit- visual placing was not shown and took 10 hours for cats to recover permanent deficit- cat reached out for objects far away

45
Q

what is the neurophysiological test and when was it done.

A

at 7.5 weeks cats were anesthetised and temporarily paralysed and played with rod
electrode was inserted into columns of neurons to measure electrical firing when showed lines of preferred orientation

46
Q

what were the results of the neurophysiological test

A

-if rod was shaken horizontally then cats from horizontal environments would react
- only 12 out of 52 neurons responded within 45* of preferred orientation
-75% of cells were binocular

47
Q

what are the conclusions

A

-nature (visual cortex) is modified by nurture ( environment) so is interactionist ( both)
- unused parts of innate nervous system don’t degenerate but adapt to environment
- cats visual cortex does change shaped based on V or H environment ( plasticity )

48
Q

what is the background for Maguire

A

hippocampus is a key role in spatial memory and navigation.
size of hippocampus in animals is species dependant
black cab drivers have to pass a knowledge test with 80 written routes and any verbal out of 240 others

49
Q

what is the 1 st aim of Maguire

A

1- to investigate the roll if hippocampus in spatial memory and navigation and if the brain shows plasticity for black cab drivers

50
Q

what is the second aim of Maguire

A

if thee is a relationship between length of taxi-driving experience and measure of grey matter in the hippocampus

51
Q

what is grey matter

A

groups of neurons

52
Q

what is the sample

A

16 licensed taxi-drivers matched to comparison group
both right handed, variety of ages, all healthy

53
Q

what is the comparison group

A

50 non-taxi drivers, right-handed, all male, used same scanner

54
Q

what is the method

A

quasi experiment- already licensed taxi-drivers
indendant meaures as one group is taxi-drivers but one is not.

55
Q

what are the IV’S and DV’S

A

IV: taxi-driver, non-taxi driver
DV- volume of hippocampus

56
Q

what is the procedure

A

used the same structural MRI
analysed by 2 techniques- VBM ( voxel- based- morphometry)
pixel counting- how many dots are at one singe point at both anterior and posterior hippocampus
experimenter was blind ( didn’t know who was taxi driver)

57
Q

what are the controls

A

all used same MRI scanner
experimenter- blind
matched sample

58
Q

what are the results of aim 1

A

taxi drivers have higher volume of grey matter in their right posterior hippocampus and opposite for non-taxi drivers

59
Q

what are results from aim 2

A

there is a positive correlation - longer time being a taxi-driver the increased grey matter in right posterior hippocampus

60
Q

what is a conclusion

A

experience of taxi-driving can change brain plasticity ( volume of hippocampus)

Psychology (9 decks)

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