area 1- mental Health

Question 1

what does aetiology mean

Answer 1

explanation

Question 2

when and what is the supernatural explanation

Answer 2

6500BC
abnormal behaviour was down to witchcraft, religion and demonic possession which is a punishment for their behaviour

Question 3

how would mental health be treated in terms of the supernatural explanation

Answer 3

prayers in holy water
trephining (drill skull to release demons)
stretching, starving, whipping
exorcism
good deeds

Question 4

when and what is the humoral theory

Answer 4

800-700BC
Hippocrates- mental health is physiological rather than supernatural
mental health is down to imbalance of 4 humours (body fluids)
black bile- traits of introversion ( bowl)
yellow bile - impulsiveness (stomach)
blood- hopefulness
phlegm- calm, peaceful
e.g excess yellow bile leads to mania

Question 5

how do you treat mental health in relation to the humoral theory

Answer 5

laxatives- black bile
blood letting- (phlebotomy) leeches drain blood
diet and exercise
people should be looked after not stigmatised
lead to understanding it can be treated with physiological remedies

Question 6

when and what is the psychogenic approach

Answer 6

1800’s- science
aetiology- mental illness was due to unconscious process in the brain

Question 7

how would mental health be treated in relation to the psychogenic approach

Answer 7

talk about repressed thoughts- free association- no boundaries
dream analysis- manifest- actual, latent- saw in dream
lead to talking therapies such as CBT, counselling

Question 8

when and what is the somatogenic approach

Answer 8

20th century improves methods of studying brain- mental illness explained by abnormal brain structure- abnormal levels of neurotransmitters
referred to as medical model
known as brain disease not mental health

Question 9

how would you treat mental health in relation to somatogenic approach

Answer 9

drugs
electroconvulsive therapy- electric current passed through brain
psychosurgery- parts of brain removed

Question 10

what are Rosenhan’s and Seligman’s 4 definitions to define abnormality

Answer 10

statistical infrequency
deviation from social norms
failure to function adequately
deviation from idealic mental health

Question 11

what is deviation from social norms

Answer 11

behaving in a way that is not in line with societies view on how we ought to act or meeting acceptable standards set by social group
anything that deviates from this is classed as abnormal

Question 12

what are some benefits and weaknesses of having social norms

Answer 12

+accommodates for change/culture - takes into account cultural values
clear abnormal/normal
– if you are different you may be considered abnormal even if it is a good trait

Question 13

what does the definition failure to function adequately mean

Answer 13

the person not doing basic activities etc they would usually do
hygeine, work, eating etc.
can cause distress/ suffering for others and individual

Question 14

some strengths and weaknesses of the explanation failure to function adequately

Answer 14

+- fits with what many people consider abnormal
+-recognises subjective experience of patient
+- easy to judge objectively- clinicians can easily identify behaviour
+- adaptive- people can change
– cultural ideas-different diagnoses when applied to people from different cultures
- may explain why lower class are more likely diagnosed- lifestyle is different (ss)

Question 15

what does the definition deviation from ideal mental health mean

Answer 15

Jahoda - defines physical health by looking at absence of signs of physical health e.g. body temp. blood pressure

Question 16

what are traits of good mental health

Answer 16

self-esteem
self-actualisation
integration-cope with stress
autonomy- independent
perception of reality
mastery of environment-function at work

Question 17

strengths and weaknesses of the definition being deviation from idealic mental health

Answer 17

+- ideal criteria but most of us do not fulfil them all the time
– difficult to measure
– culture based - potential may differ

Question 18

what is the explanation: statistical infrequency

Answer 18

68%- mean- average behaviour
normal distribution
anything above or below 1 standard deviation from mean is considered abnormal
mental health- normal distribution doesn’t apply it will be positively skewed
take abnormal data and made another skew
someone with not many traits of depression will skew depression scale but will be low on ‘normal’ distribution as traits are abnormal

Question 19

what idea did Emil Kraepelin develop and what were the two categories

Answer 19

categorising and classifying mental health disorders
psychoses: patient loses touch with reality - hallucinations and delusions
neuroses- anxiety or disturbance

Question 20

what methods are used for diagnosis and what is the point of diagnosis

Answer 20

observations and self-report
control mental health we can’t treat it

Question 21

what is a psychiatrist

Answer 21

go to medical school- use medical model to treat with tablets

Question 22

what is the ICD, when was it released and what was it originally known as

Answer 22

international statistical classification of disease and related health problems
released in 1993 produced by WHO
dynamic ICD-11 - 11 changed versions
originally known as book of death in 1893
mental and physical disorders

Question 23

what is the ICD-10 and what chapter is mental health disorders

Answer 23

21 chapters - several categories
chapter 5- mental health disorders
11 sub categories- e.g mood affective disorders

Question 24

what is the DSM-V, when was it last updated and what makes it different

Answer 24

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental health
updated in 2013
developed by APA ( American psychiatric association)
ONLY has mental health disorders
mainly used in USA- ethno

Question 25

what was different with the old DSM

Answer 25

had multi Axial approach
Axis 1- what bought them in
axis2- any other illnesses/ factors influencing BEH
axis3- medical or neurological problem
axis4- psychosocial stressors- issues faced recently e.g. death/divorce
axis5- level of function - scaled

Question 26

how is the DSM-V now categorised

Answer 26

section 1- describes process
section 2- 20 categories of disorders - why are they there ?
section 3- assessment tools- discussion about cultural concepts

Question 27

what question did Rosenhan want to answer

Answer 27

is mental health diagnosis valid and reliable

Question 28

sample of study 1

Answer 28

staff and real patients at 12 psychiatric hospitals in 5 states of America
NOT SAMPLE- 8- pseudo patients, range of occupations

Question 29

background

Answer 29

support anti-psychiatry movement - against medical model

Question 30

what is the aim of study 1 and buzz word

Answer 30

to identify is a group of people presenting themselves as having a disorder would be diagnosed as insane by staff at 12 psychiatric hospitals
buzz word - getting in

Question 31

what was the method of study 1

Answer 31

covert participant observation

Question 32

procedure of study 1

Answer 32

( getting in) all 12 pseudo patients said they hear hallow empty thuds- not normally linked to schizophrenia
all gave a false name
(behaviour once admitted) acted normal and said they no longer experience symptoms
to be released they had to convince staff they were sane
-pseudo patients were writing down observations - won’t be questioned if caught as all display abnormal behaviour

Question 33

what were the diagnostic results (no.of diagnosis, beh displayed) in study 1

Answer 33

7 diagnosed with schizophrenia, All 8 admitted
discharged with schizophrenia (label)
no pseudo patients raised suspicion for staff
35 patients suspected they were fake

Question 34

what were the effects of labelling and depersonalisation findings in study 1

Answer 34

normal behaviours from pseudo patients were interpreted as part of their psychoses e.g. recalling childhood memories was interpreted as schizophrenic reaction.
lack of privacy: toilets with no doors, medical records could be accessed by any staff, unable to initiate conversations with staff
this lead to overwhelming feeling of powerlessness for staff.

Question 35

what is the aim of part 2 of Rosenhan

Answer 35

to see if mental health workers would be under cautious instead of over cautious in part 1 as didn’t want to miss anything

Question 36

what is the sample in part 2

Answer 36

staff in one psychiatric hospital, informed of results from first study which they found hard to believe

Question 37

what is the procedure of part 2

Answer 37

-staff were informed that over next 3 months one/more pseudo patients were going to attempt to be admitted ( none presented)
- staff rated patients on a 10 point scale 1- very confident they were pseudo patients (con val- deception- solved by debriefing)

Question 38

what are the results of part 2 of Rosenhan

Answer 38

41 patients were judged to be pseudo patients by one or more staff member
23 - by one psychiatrist

Question 39

what is the aim of part 3 of Rosenhan

Answer 39

to investigate if staff behave differently in clinical environments compared to non-clinical environment at Stanford university

Question 40

what is the sample of part 3 of Rosenhan

Answer 40

4/12 hospitals staff

Question 41

what is the procedure of part 3 of Rosenhan

Answer 41

did before admitted
1-pseudo patients approached staff in hospital and asked them when they would be presented at the staff meeting- always courteous
2- confederate approached busy staff member at university and asked similar questions like “ do you know where x is “

Question 42

what were the results of part 3 of Rosenhan

Answer 42

qual- responses quan- percentages
88% of nurses moved on completely - ss- they are busy and get asked all the time
14 requests at uni were responded to but when asked to see where psychiatrist is responses dropped ( maybe thought they would be labelled if they knew where it was- why have they been there?- viewed negatively?

Question 43

what are the overall conclusions of Rosenhan

Answer 43

diagnosis is not valid because psychiatrists failed to distinguish from insane (all 8 patients admitted but none had it)
reliable as all but one diagnosed with schizophrenia
psychiatrists more likely to call healthy person sick than sick person healthy as don’t want to miss diagnosis
- what overlaps between sane and insane if they can’t distinguish between them
- if external factors don’t explain behaviour it must be individual
- giving labels can affect peoples perception of that individual - labelled as abnormal- all behaviour is according to label.

Question 44

what are affective disorders and some examples

Answer 44

mood disorders because they effect emotional state
depression, manic episodes, bipolar(mania/depression)
SAD ( seasonal affective disorder)

Question 45

how many people are likely to experience depression at some point and what ages/ gender

Answer 45

1 in 5
all age groups but more 20-30
twice as many females likely to be diagnosed- are they more likely to report ?
all cultures

Question 46

depression can be both exogenous and endogenous what does this mean

Answer 46

exogenous- external (more scientific)
endogenous- chemical imbalance

Question 47

according to the ICD what are key symptoms of depression and how long do they need to be present

Answer 47

2 or 3 key symptoms have to be present for longer than 2 weeks
key symptoms:
low mood, loss of interest/pleasure
reduced energy levels
changes in sleep patterns, appetite

Question 48

what are psychotic disorders

Answer 48

loss of touch with reality
abnormal thinking/ perception (interpret info)
schizophrenia

Question 49

what are psychotic disorders

Answer 49

loss of touch with reality
abnormal thinking/ perception (interpret info)
schizophrenia

Question 50

what percentage/ gender are diagnosed with schizophrenia

Answer 50

1% of population- more males

Question 51

how long do symptoms have to be present to get diagnosis

Answer 51

1 month

Question 52

what is meant by positive symptoms and some examples for psychotic disorders

Answer 52

adding to behaviour or being exaggerated
hallucinations ( seeing/hearing things)
delusions (out of touch with reality)

Question 53

what is meant by negative symptoms and some examples

Answer 53

lacking normal behaviour , isolation
avolition- lack of motivation
alogia- reduced quality of speech

Question 54

what are cognitive deficits and some examples

Answer 54

mental processes are affected
disorganised speech/thoughts- jumping between
thought insertion- believe thoughts are being placed by someone else

Question 55

what is mean by anxiety disorders and how many symptoms have to be present to be diagnosed

Answer 55

anxiety is irrational feelings with physiological reactions such as increased heart rate
2 out of 14 have to be persistent together e.g. sweating, trembling, pounding heart.

Question 56

what are some examples of anxiety disorders

Answer 56

general anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), phobias

Question 57

what is a phobia and when is it considered clinical

Answer 57

strong persistent and irrational fear of object, situation or activity
clinical when interferes with normal life