area 2- mental Health Flashcards
what is meant biochemical explanation
abnormal levels of neurotransmitters
what is the medical model
biochemical explanation, genetic explanation, brain abnormality explanation.
what is meant by exitarcy and inhibitory neurotransmitters
exitarcy- causes next neuron to be activated (over stimulated)
inhibitory- prevents action of the next neurone
what is the monoamine hypothesis of depression
low serotonin in the brain because serotonin reuptakes at pre-synaptic neuron failing to bind to post synaptic neuron
what does noradrenaline do
hypothalamus and hippocampus is largely responsible for heart rate
what evidence is their to support the monoamine hypothesis of depression
Meyer (2006)- 17 depressed patients who hadn’t taken antidepressants for 5 months, used PET scans and compared with 17 normal patients - found depressed patient had high levels of monoamine oxidase which breaks down the monoamines to quickly
what is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
excess dopamine at the D2 receptors which means more dopamine is absorbed at the post- synaptic neuron, overstimulating it.
what evidence is their to support the dopamine hypothesis
Seeman (1987)
drugs with high levels of dopamine increase some positive symptoms (hallucinations)
antipsychotics decrease symptoms
post mortems- schizophrenic brains have increased density of D2 receptors than normal
what is the GABA explanation of phobias
GABA counterbalances glutamate neurotransmitter which is responsible for panic/ anxiety
people with phobias have decreased levels of GABA so neurons in glutamate pathway is increased leading to phobias
what is evidence to support the GABA explanation
Pande (1999) 69 patients with social phobia took drug with high levels of GABA which reduced anxiety
genetic explanation of depression
family studies- Gottesman shows increased risk that children have of developing bipolar if parents have it or another disorder
Twin studies- major depression concordance rates between monozygotic twins is between 30-50%, dizygotic twins is 12%
adoption studies- few studies are conducted so less consistent support
genetic explanation of schizophrenia
family studies- 1% prevalence i world but risk is x10 greater if your 1st degree relatives have schizophrenia
Twin studies- concordance rates for MZ twins is 50%, DZ is 15%
adoption- Finnish adoption study-biological parents has schizophrenia Childs risk to 9.4%, unaffected parent 1.2%
genetic explanation for phobias
twin studies- animal type specific phobias was 26% for MZ twins and 11% for DZ twins , no difference for situation specific situation.
what brain abnormality is associated with depression
amygdala: increases in activity when presented to negative stimuli
hippocampus: smaller in patients with depression - more severe - more loss of grey matter
what is evidence that brain abnormality is associated with depression
Sheline- gave FRMI scans of 11 patients and showed amygdala was active in those with depression when shown emotional images