Area 5- Forensic Flashcards
what is Area 5
crime prevention-social
what did the government do in 2016
identified 6 key drivers of crime to be targeted
-remove opportunity to offend
-intervene those who are likely to reoffend
-CJ acts as powerful deterrent
-make it hard for criminals to benefit financially
-restrict supply of drugs
what is newsman’s theory of defensible space
architectural features of neighbourhood-little defensible space- residents less satisfied with neighbourhood, so crime increases - look after flat but not anything else
what did Newman say about territory
zones of ownership- marks such as fences or changing in paving gives sense of privacy
what did Newman say about natural surveillance
overlooking open areas - everyone their is being watched and knows regular visitors- anyone not is suspicious
what did Newman say about the image of the house
regular maintenance- if overgrown are they bothered? take pride in buildings
what did Newman say about milieu
entryways visible from road, surveillance
how did Newman come up with his theory
looked at 2 housing projects , Brownsville (series of walk up buildings with courtyard in middle), Van Dyke ( high rise flats) and wanted to look at the similarities
what did Newman find about the 2 different buildings and conclude
Van Dyke- high levels of crime and graffiti than Brownsville
according to Newman high crime rates are due to building layout.
Brownsville- natural surveillance of gardens- see through windows over wall, children can play- sense of community
Van Dyke- cannot see above or below walls - no fences- less authority
what did Zimbardo investigate ( background of broken windows )
Bronx (rough)- 10 mins people started stealing parts, after 3 days all valuable parts were gone- used as entertainment
Palo Alto- California (nice)- nothing happened until one weak later he smashed window then others smashed it
what did Wilson and Kelling do
took Zimbardo’s idea of broken windows theory and investigated it
if no one is in charge- no responsibility
social norms- its ok if someone
what was the background of Wilson and Kelling study
new experiment mid 1970’s- state of new jersey announced ‘safe and clean neighbourhoods programme’
Newark and 27 cities in new jersey
take police out of cars so they can talk to society building relationship but police don’t like as they can’t catch people on foot as fast and have to stand in rain - after 5 years they revaluated and found crime rated hadn’t gone down but society feel more secure
what is meant by Wilson and Kelling’s safer neighbourhoods - foot patrols
foot patrol officers- enforce informal laws( e.g. can’t lie on steps when drunk only sit) and protect neighbourhood by keeping an eye on strangers or regular offenders so communities in Newark fell assured so fear of crime goes down
what is meant by Wilson and Kelling’s safer neighbourhoods- broken windows
neglected property becomes target - if window of property is broken, people believe no one cares for it so will soon smash more windows
with the breakdown if community controls people will believe crime is on the rise and to keep of streets which makes a lot of them wish to move away, such areas are vulnerable to criminal invasion e.g., drugs
what is meant by Wilson and Kelling’s safer neighbourhoods- community controls
maintain order and reinforce informal laws to prevent the ripple effect of minor crimes becoming serious ones.
what does Wilson and Kelling say about changing the role of police -new developments in policing
change from maintaining order to detecting and getting rid of unwanted using legal tools but to decide who is unwanted society must decide who classes as a criminal.
what does Wilson and Kelling say about changing the role of police- ensuring people are treat fairly
selection and training of police is important but resources and number of police are stretched but there are 3 solutions:
try variations of Newark experiment
use informal social controls such as community rules and agreements
employ citizen patrols- e.g., guardian angels who patrol New York city streets
what did Wilson and Kelling say about maintaining order
some neighbourhoods stable don’t need for patrols, instead identify neighbourhoods at tipping point and allocate patrols
everyone agrees on informal laws- community cohesiveness
what are the conclusions of Wilson and Kelling
police need to be a tool in preventing crime- bonding with community
police in high crime area
promote health maintenance rather than treatment- areas that are nice as the nice houses wont get attention
how is Wilson and Kelling ethnocentric
only focusses on US policing and strategies - culture bias
some countries more crime
only US laws - countries have different built on social constructs
some countries cannot afford maintenance
conceptual bias- cultures have different ways of measuring crime e.g., not all have access to CCTV
how is Wilson and Kelling considered not ethnocentric
laws can be changed in any country
all countries have police that strategies can apply to e.g. maintain houses, natural surveillance
every country has areas that are more vulnerable to crime than others to target policing
how can Newman’s theory be an application
neighbourhood watch- scheme set up in new York as community to response to Kitty Genovese
directly involves the community so builds relationship
group register to NHWN to register where they decide on what they want to achieve, aims established so coordinator needs to be appointed to act as key contact between members and police
what is pulling leavers policing
deterrent theory- cost of committing crime outweighs benefit
special deterrent- specific individual criminals to discourage them from committing further by ‘pulling’ together law enforcement group, police, probation services etc.
general- population discouraged
