Area 6- Forensic Flashcards
what is the name of Topic 6
effects of imprisonment- social Area
what is non custodial punishment
not in prison
what are some examples of non custodial punishment
community sentencing
fines- less serious crimes, but what if someone is already in debt?
probation- ‘absolute discharge’- no more action can be taken, ‘conditional discharge’ action can only be taken if they commit another crime
what is custodial punishment
being put in prison or secure unit
in 2017 81,000 male, 3,000 female offenders
ethnos (every country has prison system)
how does prison work
takes away freedom and victim feels justice has been served (closure)
deterrent- makes people think before committing crime
operant conditioning- avoid behaviour to not be punished
vicarious reinforcement- see someone else get punished for crime
what’s some negatives of prison and some evidence to support
violence, overcrowding, mental health, people come out with more problems then what they went in with,
Dooley- investigated unnatural death in prison and found 300 were suicides
what percentage if prisoners go to reoffend
25%
what evidence is their to support the idea of anger management
Ireland- prisoners who completed CALM rated themselves lower on anger management and 92% showed improvement
what evidence is their that employment effects recidivism
Gillis et al: relationship between employment- predominantly males - if someone is employed they are lesson likely to return to prison- (employment programme)
what is the background of Haney
prison system in America was still failing at the time recidivism rates up to 75%. Failure was put down to dispositional hypothesis
what was causing the state of social institutions
due to nature of people who administrate or populate it
guards- uneducated and insensitive
prisoners- disregard to law and order
what is the aim of Haney
to investigate effects of prison environment of students to see if randomly assigned roles would influence behaviour
also investigates effects of imprisonment and possibilities for prison reform
what is the sample of Haney
25 self-selected, middle-class male students from Stanford university ( originally 75 responded but after psychological test most stable were selected)
10 prisoners, 11 guards
All signed contract that they would get adequate diet, clothing, housing, medical care - ethics, paid
made clear they would have little privacy and basic civil rights
what is the method
lab experiment, independent measures
IV- guard/prisoner
DV- direct observations using audio+ video recordings measuring behaviour
interviewed on experiences, self-report ( what they were saying in obersvation)
how is it considered high in mundane realism
mock of real life prison environment with cells, uniform, fencing and routine of a prion, arrested in font of neighbours etc. But was all fake.
how were they dehumanised in prison
stripped naked, sprayed with dousing fluid, placed in cell to remain silent, uniform- no hierarchy, line up 3 times a day to be counted and tested, ID number
how were they emasculated in prison
wore a smock which is a flowy skirt like item
how were the guards given power
all wore reflective sunglasses- cannot see emotion in eyes but also reflects prisoner being emasculated and humiliated
uniform- khaki (army)
night stick, whistle
what makes the guards increase ecological validity
they thought investigation was about prisoners not themselves- natural behaviour
what are the results of Haney
terminated after 6 days
guards and prisoners showed more negative feelings towards each other and themselves
prisoners expressed more intentions to harm others
guards showed pathology of power- enjoyment and misuse of power making rights of prisoners a privilege - they did show signs of stress but never failed to turn up and never asked for extra pay when working overtime
prisoners- 5 released to due stress etc- became sick as a way of demanding attention
pathological prisoner syndrome- negativity between obedience and sick due to loss of personal identity and emasculation
what are the conclusions of Haney
makes prisoners come out with psychological issues such as depression, anxiety- 5 left due to these reasons
guards become insensitive to abuse of prisoners
ordinary people can play roles to extremes
punishment doesn’t fit the crime- it exceeds it
what is restorative justice and how does it work
victim and offender come together to ensure restoration
voluntarism- free will- their choosing
neutrality- practitioners have no feelings during process
risk assessment to ensure safety of all parties available for everyone who has experienced harm
taking responsibility
what research supports the usefulness of restorative justice
Sherman- most useful in violent and property crimes where the victim is most readily identifiable
RJ council- 14% reduction in reoffence in uk
cultural differences- countries with high levels of sympatia would be more inclined to use restorative justice
what Is JETS and how does it work
from of cognitive behavioural therapy that stands for juvenile estate thinking states designed for young offenders
25 individual sessions where they complete exercises in work book and asses how they are thinking - errors that lead to crime
followed up with group session- 6 offenders in each group focuses on support in community
