Area 5- child Flashcards
what is attachment
affectional tie to one person or animal forms between themself and another specific one
what is westernised idea of attachment
normally mother and child, mother plays main role in child rearing - temporal validity
what is the critical period
3 years old
sensitive period- flexibility
what is the behaviourist idea of attachment
attachment is learned through operant+ classical conditioning
what is operant condition applied to attachment
bond reinforced
crying for mum to get reward- positively reinforced
crying- animal instinct- evolution to survive
how is classical conditioning applied to attachment
paired association- associates crying with receiving mother
ucs- food
ucr- pleasure
ns- mother
cs- mother
cr- pleasure to mother
what was Dollard and millers theory
drive reward- attachment explained in terms of motivations
babies have innate, biological drives that motivate their behaviour
what are primary and secondary drives
primary- food, drink
secondary- learns to associate caregiver with primary drive
attatchment- learnt through association with innate primary drive
what is the cupboard of love theory
someone is nice to get something they want
baby associates car giver with feeling good so eventually carer produces that ‘feel good’ response- classical
baby cries- carer responds to get reward of carer- operant
who came up with cupboard of love theory
Freud and Ainsworth
what did Lorenza do
studied nature of attachment through geese
half placed in incubator, half under mother
the first thing the goose touched was wither mother or Lorenza
geese in incubator followed Lorenza, mother followed mother
attachment - innate- survival instinct - can be formed but not reversed
what did Harlow conclude
attachment is formed with mother through tactile comfort
need to touch or cling to something for emotional comfort
studied through monkeys- universal
what was bowlby’s theory
attachment is pre-dispositional - how it is used is down to environment
monotrophic hypothesis- one primary caregiver only - normally mother
has to form in first 2 years- critical period , if not they are an affectionless/emotionless psychopath
maternal deprivation- mother taken away e.g. death, work, adoption, prison
what was Rutter’s theory
extension of bowlby
maternal privation ( never having opportunity to form bond)
what is the internal model of the child
caregivers behaviour:
positive and loved- secure
unloved and rejected- avoidant
angry and confused- resistant (ambivalent)
what did Emmerson do
longitudinal study of 60 babies, observed carer interactions and behaviour when carers left child alone
said you can make multiple attachment’s which apposes Bowlby
what is a secure attachment
trust that the caregiver will come back
loving, sensitive, seeks proximity
what is an insecure avoidment attachment
avoids caregiver in times of need - doesn’t care if their there or not
insensitive and rejecting - independent
what is insecure resistance
exaggerates distress - dramatic
insensitive and inconsistent
what is insecure disorganised
bizarre and contradictory behaviour- linked to psychopathy disorders
what did hazen and shaver do
extended Bowlby and looked at attachment type in childhood will affect later relationships by giving a questionairre to 520, 18-82 year olds from USA
what did hazen and shaver find in terms of types of attachment effect on relationships
secure- trust, openness, least likely to divorce
resistant- arguing, prone to obsession, extreme sexual attraction - overdramatic, most likely to divorce
avoidant- independent wants personal space
afraid of intimacy- not had before
more likely to divorce
prone to jealousy
lack of care for feelings
what is the background of Ainsworth and Bell
evolutionary function of attachment promote specific survival
any treats on survival brings the mother and baby back together but babies still explore and adventure independently
what is the aim of Ainsworth
highlight features of the evolutionary concept of attachment by observing:
how much one year old babies use their mother as a base for exploration
extent of which attachment behaviour overcomes exploratory behaviour when alarm is caused from stranger joining the baby and mother
study baby’s behaviour in separation and reunion with their mother
what is the sample of ainsworth
56 babies, white middle class families recruited via contacts with paediatricians. 33 of babies were observed in the strange situation at age of 49 weeks, 23 at 51 weeks
confederate was stranger and two observers recorded behaviour
what is the method if Ainsworth
controlled observation through a one way mirror
what is the procedure of Ainsworth
8 episodes in a standard order for all babies
floor was divided into 16 squares to rack movement
what was the first 2 episodes of ainsworth
mother enters room carrying baby accompanied by observer then they leave
2. mother puts baby on floor and watches, only joining if baby seeks attention
what was episode 3 and 4 of Ainsworth
3- stranger enters and sits quietly for 1 min, talks with mother for one min, then approaches baby showing a toy for one min, mother then leaves
4- if baby is playing, stranger doesn’t participate , if baby is inactive stranger tries to interest them , if distressed the stranger comforts them
what is episode 5 and 6 of Ainsworth
5- mother enters and pauses in door way so baby can respond, stranger leaves , when baby settled playing with toys mother left
6- baby left alone for 3 mins, unless to distressed
what was episode 7 and 8 of Ainsworth
7- stranger enters and behaves as in episode 4 , if baby to distressed episode ends
8- mother returns, stranger leaves, reunion observed
what 2 measures were taken and then coded in ainsworth
frequency of crying and exploratory behaviour (moving)
how was the babies behaviour classified in ainsworth
5 categories that were rated 1-7 scored for interaction with mother in 2,3,,5 and 8 and stranger in 3,4,7
what were the 5 categories Ainsworth measured and how
proximity and contact seeking behaviour (approaching, reaching)
contact maintaining behaviour( clinging)
proximity and interaction avoiding behaviours ( ignoring, moving away)
contact and interaction resisting behaviours-( push away, scream)
searching behaviours for mother (follow, look at empty chair)
what were the results of Ainsworth for exploratory behaviours
low exploration in 2,3,4
visual and manipulative exploration increased at 5 but declined again once mother left
exploration lowest at 7 when alone with stranger
episode 2 baby played with toys but kept checking mother, episode 3 baby looked more at stranger due to them being new
crying increased in episode 4 when mother left and reduced in 5 when she returned , more distress in mothers absence than stranger
what were the results of Ainsworth for other behaviours
proximity seeking increased after separation , contact was low in 2 and 3 but increased at each reunion
babies who scored high on contact resisting behaviours scored high on contact maintaining , so want closeness but resist contact
what did Ainsworth conclude
baby is more likely to explore with presence of mother
mothers absence leads to increased attachment and less exploration
attachment and attachment behaviours are not identical, behaviour is increased or decreased by internal or external factors but infant is predisposed to seek proximity (attachment)
attachment behaviours increase in threatening situations
what type of attachment would have high/ and who low stranger anxiety
insecure avoidment - high
secure- low
what type of attachment would lead to separation protest
secure and insecure resistant
what are some applications to create an attachment friendly environment
key workers - hospital or school- 1 on one for consistent period
train key workers on importance of attachment- course or external speaker
meet key workers before they go to nursery to see if they like them
assign 2 key workers to keep consistency for child
open plan- see key worker, half days
bring in item from home- comfort - Lorenza
prevent stranger anxiety and separation anxiety - skin-to-skin, allow parents to stay at hospital- Bowlby
