Immunology of Joint Conditions Flashcards
Innate immunity recognises pathogens via? [1]
Innate immune system: Pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules (PAMPs)
immunological tolerance
What is central tolerance and where does it occur? [1]
What is peripheral tolerance and where does it occur? [1]
Central toleranece
* Central tolerance occurs in the thymus for T cells and bone marrow for B cells, where T & B cells are tested for auto-reactivity.
* If they are non or weakly self-reactive, they survive, yet if they are strongly self-reactive they die via pro-apoptotic signalling molecules
Peripheral tolerance:
* occurs out in the blood, and ensures any self-reactive T and B cells do not cause autoimmune conditions.
How does immune system create unlimited number of antibodies? [1]
Recombinant diversity of antibody production
Can combine V, D & J genes in antbodies
Describe v basic overview of what occurs during first stage of site of inflammation [1]
Where there is an injury / infection the body will produce inflammatory mediators that attract further cells to site of inflammation
Causes enodethelial cells to allow cells to move through
Name a couple of examples and the roles of:
Lipid mediators
Cytokines
Chemokines
Complements
When is inflammation adaptive [1]
maladapative [1]
Acute Inflammation
* key physiological response that facilitates effective immunity and tissue repair.
Chronic inflammation:
* mediates pathology: tissue damage in joint autoimmune diseases and cancer
Give three pieces of evidence that RA is autoimmune disease [3]
1- Patients produce auto-antibodies (in blood and joints).
2- Inflamed joints are filled with activated immune cells, cytokines
3- Joint conditions are strongly associated with MHC genes, required for T cell activation.
What is the role of MHC class molecules? [3]
- MHC determines which peptides are presented to T-lymphocytes.
- MHC molecules determines T-lymphocyte tolerance in the thymus (i.e. what mature T cells enter the periphery / survive) and also determines if and how mature T lymphocytes respond to antigens upon encounter.
Therefore: any strongly recognised self-T cells are killed off
Why the immune system specifically attack joints is unknown. State three reasons why this may occur [3]
Failure of “immunological tolerance”
Failure of immune regulation
Cross reactivity with “pathogens” mediate autoimmunity that cause chronic inflammation
What are the 4 type of T cells [4]
What are they each involved in? [4]
If have problem with creating too many of the chronic & inflammatory T cells can dribe disease
Explain the three factors that may predispose some individuals to RA? [3]
1- Genetics
* Familial segregation of RA.
* Higher concordance rate of RA in identical twins than non identical twins
2- Environmental
* concordance rate (chance of both twins getting same disease) of RA in
identical twins is much less than 100%.
3- Hormones
* Females are more susceptible to RA.
State 4 factors that are known to promote joint conditions
Exposure to tobacco (smoking)
Exposure to occupational dust (silica)
Air pollution
High sodium, red meat and iron consumption
Obesity
Low vitamin D intake and levels
Studies of joints tissues have established that excess [] production is the likeliest cause of inflammation
TNF-a
Which of the following type of T cell is responsible if IgE production?
Th1
Th2
Th17
IT reg
Which of the following type of T cell is responsible if IgE production?
Th1
Th2 - produces IL-4 & IL-5 which are both involved in IgE pathway
Th17
IT reg
Which of the following type of T cell is responsible if TNF-a and IFN-y production?
Th1
Th2
Th17
IT reg
Which of the following type of T cell is responsible if TNF-a and IFN-y production?
Th1
Th2
Th17
IT reg
