Immunology Basics Flashcards
What cells are derived from lymphoid stem cell?
B cells
T cells
natural killers
What does monocytes forms when leave blood to tissue?
Macrophages
What are the different classes of immunoglobulins?
Ig
G. M. A. E. D
What are the main characteristic of IgG?
Predominant (70% of all Igs and 20% of plasma proteins)
Cross placenta and give protection to fetus
Secreted at the END of 1ry immune response and during memory response
What are the main characteristics of IgA?
SA= in secretions tears, cholesterol, saliva, urine
Inhibit micro organism from Adhering to tissue
DoNot cross placenta
What are the main characteristics of IgM.
Most potent, first one produced by body in response to immune system
What are the main characteristics of IgE?
Fight helminths
Elevated in asthma, hay fever, allergic conditions
Located on basophils in blood and mast cells in tissues
Eosinophils and basophils have IgE antibodies receptors
List the types of white blood cells (leukocytes)
- *Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes ( neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils )
- *Mononuclear Leukocytes (Lymphocytes, monocytes, natural killer cells)
Increase in number of neutrophils indicates?
Bacterial infection
What does increase in Eosinophils indicate?
Parasite infections
Allergies
Where are plasma cells derived from?
B lymphocytes forms plasma cells that secretes one specific AB
What are the different forms of B cells?
Virgin B cells ( from bone marrow) membrane AB are Ig M,D
Memory B cell ( from other B cell) membrane AB are Ig A,G, E
What are the types of T cells Cells mediated immunity.
T helper CD4 (TH1, TH2)
T cytotoxic CD8
T suppressor
What are the different classes of cytokines.
Lymphokines Interleukines Monokines Interferons Colony stimulating factors Tumor necrosis factor alpha and beta
Which Ig has pentameric structure
IgM
5 monomer units held together by disulfide bonds
Which Ig is present as Dimer
IgA
What type of interferon used for ttt of hepatitis B?
Interferon alpha
What type of interferon used in ttt of multiple sclerosis.
Interferon Beta
What is used to treat anemia in chronic renal failure or chemotherapy induced anemia?
Colony Stimulating Factors=Hematopoitic growth factors Erythropoietin Epoetin alpha Epoetin Beta Darbepoetin
What is used to induce platelets by stimulating hematopoetic stem cells?
Interleukin 11 = Oprelvekin
Side effects=fluid retention, edema, dyspnea
What is used to manage chemotherapy induced neutropenia?
Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factors
Filgrastim
Pegfilgrastim
Sargramostin (myeloid reconstitution)
What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions?
ACID
Type I= Anaphylaxis or immediate
Type II= cytotoxic
Type III = Immune complex
Type IV = Delayed (cell mediated)
What do u know about type I hypersensitivity?
IgE mediated
Symptoms: Atopic dermatitis, itching, nasal congestion, bronchioles constriction,
Type II hypersensitivity
Ig G, M
Cytotoxicity of cell
Examples Hemolytic anemia (drug, autoimmune) Rh disease Myasthenia graves Hashimoto thyroiditis Grave disease Good pasture
Type III hypersensitivity
Immune complex Non specific autoimmune disorder Glumerulonephritis SLE Rheumatoid arthritis
Type IV hypersensitivity
Delayed T cell play a role Contact dermatitis -poison ivy Protozoa listeria monocytogenes Monteux test
What are the types of autoimmune reactions?
Antibodies against own cell
1-organ specific
2-non organ specific
What are drugs that induce systemic lupus erythematous SLE.
HIPPP MCQ
Hydralazine- isoniazid- penicillamine-procainamide-phenytoin- methyldopa - chlorpromazine- Quinidine
Mention examples of non organ specific auto immune disease.
Sjorgen syndrome
Systemic Lupus Erythromatus ( HIPPP MCQ)
Rheumatoid arthritis
What causes Steven Johnson Syndrome ?
Rash, Skin peeling , FEVER , sores on mucus membrane...treatment by cortisone SASPAN Sulfonylurea Anticonvulsants (phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid) Sulphonamide penicillin Allopurinol NSAIDs
What are the live attenuated vaccines
MY BICEPT
MMR = measles, mumps, Rubella Yellow fever BCG TB Influenza inhalation mist Chicken pox = varicella Epidemic typhus Polio ORAL Sabine Typhoid ORAL
Who should not take live vaccine?
Pregnant
HIV patients
Patients taking ( infliximab, anakinra, adalimumab)
List killed inactive vaccines?
RIP… T… PH… PC
Rabid Influenza A, B Pertussis Typhoid injection Plaque Hepatitis A,B Polio Salk Injection Cholera
What vaccine is Toxoid ?
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Vaccine with fragments of microorganism?
Meningococcal meningitis
Pneumococcal pneumonia
Hemophilus influenza B (HiB)
Hepatitis vaccine available for protection against?
A and B
Types of hepatitis
A= food,oral fecal
B= chronic
C= chronic
B & C = transmitted by sex, blood, drug abuse
What is vaccine against travelers diarrhea?
Dukoral oral powder for E. Coli, Vibrio Cholera
What causes hemophilia A?
Deficiency in clotting factor 8.
Treatment: recombinant anti hemophilia factor = rAHF store 2-8 C
What causes Hemophilia B
Deficiency in factor 9 - Christmas factor
Give an example of granulocyte colony Stimulating factor and its use.
Filgrastim
Stimulate the production of neutrophils in bone marrow
Store 2-8C
Give example of Granulocye macrophage colony Stimulating Factors = GMC SF
Sargramostin
For accelerating bone marrow in
Non Hodgkin lymphoma
Lymphoblastic leukemia
Give examples of HAMA human antimouse antibody? Chimeric 25 mouse
XiMab
AbciXimab (antiplatelet, GP IIb/IIIaantagonist)
InfliXimab (TNF alpha antagonist)
RituXimab (CD 20 on B cells)
CetuXimab (Epidermal growth factor inhibitor, colon cancer ttt)
BasiliXimab( a chain of IL2 receptor on T cells, prevent kidney transplant rejection)
Give examples of HumaniZed monoclonal Antibodies?
OmaliZumab= bind to free IgE so prevent attachment to mast cells or basophils. (Asthma/allergy)
TrastuZumab = bind to HER 2 receptor (breast cancer)
DaciliZumab=bind to CD 25 (IL 2receptor) on T Cells multiple sclerosis.
What is the mechanism of action of AdaliMUmab?
100 % human
Bind to TNF a so prevent its interaction with receptor
Used in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritics, ankylosis spondylitis.
Give examples of Fusion protein (Immunoadhesive proteins)
Abatacept= T cell costimulation inhibitor
Etanercept=
Anakinra mechanism
IL 1 inhibitor
TociliZumab
HumaniZed
IL 6 inhibitor
Example of recombinant interleukine 11
Thrombopoeitic growth factor
Oprelvekin
What is meant by antisense oligosaccharide therapy?
Antisense oligosaccarides drugs ( single strand DNA, RNA) bind to complementary mRNA prevent its translation to protein
what is mechanism of action of mycophenolate mofetil?
change into mycophenolic acid then inhibit Inosine MonoPhosphate ..Decreease Guanosine TriPhosphate (GTP)…supress T cell and B cell
what is mycophenolate mofetil used for?
in organ transplantation
give examples for immunopotentiators
- Lymphokine = Aldosleukine
- Interferons
- colony stimulating factors = filgrastim, sargramostim
Example of recombinant IL 2 and its use?
Aldosleukin
promote production of T cytotoxic and activate NK
What are the main side effects of Cyclosporine- Calcineurin inhibitor
Hairsutism Gingival hyperplasia Neurotoxicity Nephrotoxicity (monitor renal function) Hepatotoxic (monitor liver function) Hypertension Hyperkalemia Hyperlipidemia Glucose intolerance
DTaP vaccine
Diphtheria, Tetanus,Pertussis whooping cough..
Given at 2, 4, 6 months.. 15 and 18 months
Booster 4-6 years
Example of 2 non organ specific auto immune disease
Sjorgen syndrome
Systemic Lupus Erythematous
