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Mona Practice :) > Bichemistry > Flashcards

Bichemistry Flashcards

1
Q

List 3 examples of Carotenoids

A

B carotene
Lycopene
Lutein

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2
Q

What is ALA Alpha Lipoic Acid?

A

Anti Oxidant

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3
Q

Where does urea cycle accur?

A

Liver

NH3 is produced in all tissue but urea cycle in Liver (mitochondria +Cytosol)

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4
Q

How the NH3 is transported to liver?

A

It is converted to glutamine

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5
Q

What is produced due to fatty acid degradation?

A

Betahydroxybutyric acid
Acetoacetic acid
Acetone

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6
Q

How is epinephrine formed?

A

From phenylalanine amino acid

Phenylalanine> Tyrosine > Levodopa > Dopamine > Norepinephrine > epinephrine

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7
Q

What amino acid forms Thyroxine hormone?

A

Tyrosine

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8
Q

Melanin is formed from ………..

A

Tyrosine by tyrosinase to form Phenyl 3-4 quinine that polymerase and give Melanin

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9
Q

What does Arginine forms?

A

NUC

Nitric oxide
Urea
Creatinine

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10
Q

What forms GABA

A

Glutamate

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11
Q

What is hemoglobin formed of ?

A

Globulin (2 alpha & 2 beta) + porphyria Fe2

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12
Q

From where porphyria is derived?

A

Succinyl Co A + glycine

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13
Q

What contains poryphrin ring?

A

Hemoglobin, Myoglobin, Cytochrome

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14
Q

What are the essential aminoacids?

A

PVT TIM HALL

Phenylalanine 
Valine
Tryptophan 
Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine - infants
Arginine - infants
Leucine 
Lysine
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15
Q

Examples of Aliphatic amino acids:

A

GAVLI

Glycine
Alanine 
Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine
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16
Q

Examples of aromatic amino acids:

A

PTT

Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Tryptophan

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17
Q

Examples of acidic amino acids:

A

AG

Asparatic acid
Glutamic acid

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18
Q

Examples of basic amino acids:

A

HAL

Histidine
Arginine
Lysine

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19
Q

Examples of sulphuric contains amino acids:

A

CCM

Cystine
Cysteine
Methionine

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20
Q

OH containing amino acid?

A

STT

Serine
Threonine
Tyrosine

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21
Q

The linear sequence of amino acids in proteins

A

Primary structure

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22
Q

The sequence of amino acids is bind by hydrogen bond?

A

Secondary structure

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23
Q

Protein consist of more than one chain of amino acids?

A

Quaternary structure

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24
Q

Protein structure formed due to interaction (disulfide covalent bond,hydrophobic interaction,H bond,ionic interaction ) between alpha helix and pleated sheets

A

Tertiary protein structure

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25
Q

Three categories of proteins

A

Simple proteins
Conjugated proteins
Derived proteins

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26
Q

Examples of phosphproteins?

A

Casein

Ovovitellin

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27
Q

Most abundant element in body?

A

Iron

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28
Q

In which enzyme is Molybdenum present?

A

Xanthine Oxidase

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29
Q

Enzymes or proteins contains iron:

A

Hemoglobin
Myoglobin
Cytochrome oxidase
Myeloperoxidase

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30
Q

Steroid structure

A

3 Cyclohexane ring + 1 cyclopentane ring
Bile acids ( glyco cholic acid, Tauro cholinergic acid)
Vit D

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31
Q

Examples of lipoproteins

A

Chylomicrons
VLDL
LDL
HDL

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32
Q

Element required by ACE.

A

Zinc

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33
Q

Cytochrome C oxidase reaction co Factors?

A

Cu and heme

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34
Q

Example of phosphatidyl choline compound?

A

Lecithin

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35
Q

What is ceramics formed of?

A

Sphingosine + fatty acid

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36
Q

How is sphingosine formed?

A

Palmitoyl Co A and Serine. —–> Sphinegenine. —–> Sphingosine

37
Q

What is Sphingomyelin formed of?

A

Sphingosine + Fatty acid + Phosphocholine

38
Q

Examples of Glucosphingolipids?

A 
Cerebroside = Ceramide + Fatty acid + sugar 
Gangilioside = Ceramide + Fatty acid + oligosaccharide
39
Q

Sphingolipids classes:

A

SphingoPHOSPHOlipid = Sphingomyelins

SphingoGLUCOlipids = Glucolipids ( cerebrosides & gangiliosides”

40
Q

Triglyceride hydrolysis will form:

A

3 Fatty acid + Glycerol

41
Q

Cholesterol is formed from?

A

Acetyl CoA via mevalonate

42
Q

What is formed from pentode phosphate pathway?

A

NADPH (fatty acid synthesis, glutathione reductase, detoxification)

Ribose 5 Phosphate (nucleotide biosynthesis)

Glycolysis intermediates

43
Q

MonoSaccharide Examples

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

44
Q

Sucrose is formed of…

A

Glucose and fructose

45
Q

What should be given to children on full or partial breast feed?

A

Vitamin D drops 400IU/day

46
Q

What is the main carbohydrate source in cow milk?

47
Q

Sources of gluten?

A

Wheat
Rye
Barley

48
Q

What is thiamine and its deficiency?

A 
Thiamine is Vitamine B1
Deficiency causes
1. Beriberi
2. Wernicke- Korsaskoff syndrome 
3. Chronic alcoholic must take Vit B 1 supplement
49
Q

What is vitamine B 2?

A

Riboflavin

Precursor for FMN and FAD

50
Q

What is vitamin B3.

A

Vit B3 = Niacin

Niacin forms NAD and NADP ( cofactors for dehydrogenase)

51
Q

From where Niacin (Vit B3) is derived?

A

Tryptophan

52
Q

What is Pellagra?

A

Deficiency in Niacin

53
Q

What is Hartnup disease?

A

Impairment in tryptophan absorption

54
Q

What happens to Tryptophan in Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome?

A

Tryptophan metabolism is altered ..excess serotonin synthesis

55
Q

What is the composition of Dilectin?

A

Doxylamine + Vit B6

56
Q

Which vitamin should be avoided in Parkinson’s patient administrating levodopa?

A

Vitamin B6-pyridoxine

57
Q

What is the name of vitamin B5?

A

Pantothenic acid

58
Q

What is pantothenic acid formed from?

A

B alanine + pantoic acid

59
Q

Which drugs causes decrease in vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)?

A

Isoniazid

Penicillamine

60
Q

Which Vitamin is deficient in elderly , achlorhydric and vigan?

A

Vitamin B12

61
Q

What is the structure of Vit B 12 ( cyanocobalamine)?

A

4 tetrapyrrol rings CORRIN and a cobalt ion center

62
Q

In what reactions is Vit B 12 utilized?

A

CATABOLISM

Fatty acids (odd number)
Amino acids ( VIT. Valine, Isoleucine, Threonine)
63
Q

Megaloblastic anemia due to?

A

Deficiency in Vit B12

64
Q

Pernicious anemia is due to

A

Lack in intrinsic factor ( parietal cells)

Treatment IM or SC Vit B12

65
Q

What medications causes malabsorption of Vit B12?

A 
Aminosalicylic acid
KI
Colchicine 
Trifluoperazine
Ethanol
Metformin
Oral contraceptives 
Neomycin
Omeprazole
Anticonvulsants
66
Q

What composes folic acid?

A

Pteridine ring+ p amino benzoic acid + Glutamyl moiety

67
Q

What drugs decreases the folic acid?

A

Anticonvulsants ( carbamazepine, phenytoin)
Oral contraceptives
Methotrexate “pteridyl analogue”
Trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazole (PABA analog)
5 florouracil
Sulfasalazine
Dapsone

68
Q

Vitamin deficient in smokers?

69
Q

Vit essential for Collagen synthesis?

A

Vitamin C

Proline residues hydroxylation in collagen

70
Q

Vitamin C is deficient in?

71
Q

Precursor of Vit A

A

Beta carotene

72
Q

13 Cis retinoic acid is

A

Oral Isotretinoin (monitor TG)

73
Q

Active form of Vit A?

A

Rhodopsin , in Rods

74
Q

Vitamin deficient in Chronic renal failure?

A

Vitamin D3

75
Q

Active form of Vit D

A

1, 25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol (calcitriol)

76
Q

Excess Vit D causes

A

Hypercalcemia and nephrolithiasis

77
Q

What is Vit D2 and Vit D 3.

A

Vit D 2 is ergocalciferol ( pro Vit D2 ergosterol)

Vit D 3 is Cholecalciferol (pro Vit D3, 7 dehydrocholesterol)

78
Q

What is the name of Vitamin E?

A

Tocopherol

79
Q

What is the main use of Vit E?

A

Potent antioxidants, increase cell integrity

80
Q

What are the three types of Vitamin K?

A

Vitamin K1 -Phylloquinone (green plants)
Vitamin K2 -Menaquinone ( Intestinal Bacteria)
Vitamin K3 - Synthetic Menadione

81
Q

What is Vitamin K required for ?

A

Maintain normal levels of clotting Factors 2,7,9,10,
Protein C
Protein S

82
Q

What is arachidonic acid derived from?

A

Linoleic acid - Omega 6

83
Q

What is EPA (Eicosapentanoic acid) and DHA (Decosahexanoic acid) derived from?

A

Linolenic acid - Omega 3 family

84
Q

Example of Omega 6 fatty acid

A

Linoleic acid (2 double bonds)

85
Q

Example of Omega 3 free fatty acids?

A

Linolenic acid ( 3 double bonds)

86
Q

Phases of mitosis

A

Interphase: chromosome duplicate but attached (S phase)
Prophase:in nucleus, chromosome become visible, in cytoplasm spindle form.
Prometaphase: nuclear membrane Break and spindle interact with chromosome
Metaphase: chromosome aligned middle of spindle
Anaphase: chromosome separate and move to opposite end of spindle.
Telophase: nuclear membrane around 2 set of chromosome and spindle start to break.
Cytokinesis: cell split into 2 daughter cells

87
Q

How many chromosomes human have

A

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs in each cell

88
Q

Amino-acid precursor of porphyria in hemoglobin

Mona Practice :) (24 decks)

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