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Immunizations Part II Flashcards

1
Q

What bacteria causes Pneumococcus?

A

Streptococcus Pneumoniae

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2
Q

What are two common symptoms of Pneumococcus

A

Otitis media and sinusitis

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3
Q

How does the pneumococcal conjugate work?

A

Works by destroying the surface capsule of the streptococcus pneumonia and allows for phagocytosis

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4
Q

What is the common pneumococcal conjugate

A

Prevnar 13
*Licensed for patients 6 weeks and older and for adults

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5
Q

What is the recommendation for Prevnar 13?

A

2, 4, 6, and 12-15 months
*four dose series

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6
Q

What do you give first Prevnar 13 or Prevnar 23?

A

Administer PCV13 before PPSV23

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7
Q

How many serotypes does PPSV23 work against?

A

23
*Does not provide long-lasting immune response
*Licensed for patients 2 years and older

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8
Q

What is the CDC recommendation for Pneumococcal vaccination for children younger than 2 years old?

A

They should receive the PCV13

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9
Q

What is the route of administration for pneumococcal Vaccine?

A

PCV13: IM
PCV15: IM
PCV23: IM or SC (rare)

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10
Q

What are the contraindications or precautions of the pneumococcal vaccine?

A

Anaphylaxis

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11
Q

What are the adverse effects of Pneumococcal vaccine/

A

PCV13: fever, injection site reaction, irritability, and increased or decreased sleep
PCV23: Pain and redness at the injection site, 1% myalgia and fever

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12
Q

What causes poliomyelitis/

A

Poliovirus

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13
Q

What is the route of transmission of the poliovirus?

A

Fecal-oral route
*Respiratory droplets
*Causes flaccid paralysis

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14
Q

What a the two types of poliovirus vaccines?

A
  1. Inactivated poliovirus Vaccine (IPV)
    *Higher content of antigens
  2. Live attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV)
    *no longer available in the US
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15
Q

What is the recommendation for the IPV?

A

All infants 4 series at 2,4,6-18 months, and 4-6 yoa

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16
Q

What is the route of administration for IPV?

A

IM or SQ

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17
Q

What are the contraindications or precautions of IPV

A

Serve allergic reaction to previous vaccine or component
Pregnancy is precaution to IPV
*Breast feeding is safe

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18
Q

What are some adverse effects of IPV?

A

Allergic reaction in persons sensitive to streptomycin, polymyxin b, and neomycin

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19
Q

What are the vaccines given at 4 months?

A

DTaP
Hib
IPV
PCV13
RV

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20
Q

What are the schedule vaccines for 6 Months?

A

DTaP
Hib
IPV
PCV13
RV
Flu
Hep b
Covid

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21
Q

What causes influenza?

A

Respiratory virus
*Type A and B virus causes epidemics

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22
Q

What is the route of transmission of the influenza/

A

Respiratory droplets
*1-4 lay incubation period
*contagious 1 day before and 5 days after

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23
Q

What groups of people are most effected by Influenza/

A

> 65 yoa
<2
Medical conditions: COPD, asthma, CVD, DM,renal….
Pregnant women

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24
Q

When is the influenza vaccine offered?

A

Offered beginning in late September early October and throughout the season

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25
Q

What is the recommendations of the Influenza vaccine?

A

Annual flu vaccination is recommended for all person >6months who do not have contraindications
*Not recommended in patients <6months

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26
Q

What are the two flue vaccines that a not made from eggs?

A

Flucelax and Flublok

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27
Q

What are the 3 most common types of influenza vaccines?

A

1.Trivalent/Quadrivalent (IIV3/4)
2. Live attenuated influenza vaccine
3. Recombinant influenza vaccine

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28
Q

What is the recommendation for the Trivalent/Quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine

A

Yearly starting at 6 months of age
2 Doses recommended for children <9yoa who did not receive 2 doses in past
*Separated by 4 weeks
>9yoa administer 1 dose annually

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29
Q

Can people with egg allergies and develop hives after taking the flu vaccines continue to take the flu vaccine?

A

Yes

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30
Q

When should a child receive 2 doses of flu vaccine?

A

6mo-8 years
*who have only gotten one dose of vaccine

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31
Q

When should the second dose of the vaccine be administered?

A

At least 4 weeks after the fist dose

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32
Q

What flu vaccines should pregnant women receive?

A

Inactivated (IIV) or recombinant (RIV4)
*No live vaccines

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33
Q

What is the recommendation if a health care worker receives the LAIV?

A

They should avoid contact for 7 days with immunocompromised patients

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34
Q

What are the 12-23 months schedule vaccines?

A

Chickenpox (Varicella)
DTaP
Hib (Last booster)
Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR)
Pneumococcal Conjugate (PCV13)
Hep A
Hep B

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35
Q

What are the signs/symptoms/ transmission of spread for Measles?

A

Spread via respiratory droplets
*viral illness
Signs: Cough, conjunctivitis, rash
Symptoms: OM, pneumonia, encephalitis

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36
Q

What are the signs, symptoms, and spread of transmission for Mumps?

A

Spread via respiratory droplets
Signs: Swelling of the parotid gland, Parotitis
Symptoms: Orchitis,meningitis, pancreatitis, oophoritis

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37
Q

What are the signs, and route of transmission of Rubella?

A

Spread via respiratory droplets
Signs: Fever, sore throat, rash

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38
Q

What is the primary intention of rubella vaccine/

A

To prevent congenital rubella syndrome
*Cataracts, heart defect, deafness, low IQ, microcephaly

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39
Q

What type of vaccine is the MMR?

A

Mixed live attenuated vaccine
*MM prepared using chick embryo
*Rubella grown in human diploid cells

40
Q

What type of vaccine is the MMRV (ProQuad)

A

A combined live attenuated measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella
*Approved for children 1-12yoa

41
Q

What is a precaution of MMRV? (ProQuad)

A

If there is a personal or family history of seizures

42
Q

What is the recommendation of MMR?

A

2 dose series
*12-15 months and 4-6 years (before school entry)
*MMR is preferred at 12-15 months
*MMRV is preferred at 4-6 years if no risk of febrile seizures

43
Q

If an infant is traveling to a high risk area what should they receive?

A

One dose of MMR prior to travel

44
Q

If an infant is exposed to measles what should they receive?

A

IG within 72 hours

45
Q

What is the route of administration of MMR?

46
Q

What are the contraindications of MMR?

A

Pregnant women
Immunocompromised persons
Anaphylaxis
People receiving high-dose corticosteroid therapy

47
Q

What are the precautions of MMR vaccine?

A

-minor acute illness
-egg allergy
-history of tuberculosis
-Personal of FH of febrile seizures
*MMRV vaccine

48
Q

What is the immunoglobulin that is effective at preventing measles?

A

Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP)

49
Q

What is the route of transmission/ signs of varicella?

A

Spread via respiratory droplets or vesicular fluid from lesions
Sings: pruritic rash

50
Q

What is the Varicella Vaccine?

A

Live attenuated varicella vaccine (VAR)
*second dose recommended at 4-6yoa

51
Q

What are the two types of vaccines available for Varicella?

A
  1. VAR (Varivax)
  2. MMRV (ProQuad)
    *Children 1-12
    *Preferred vaccine for second dose at 4-6 years
52
Q

What is the recommendation for the Varicella vaccine/

A

12-15 months
4-6 years

53
Q

What is the route of administration for VAR?

54
Q

What are some contraindication of the live VAR vaccine?

A

Pregnancy
Severe allergic reaction
Immunodeficiency
High dose steroids

55
Q

What are the cautions/ Precautions of VAR/

A

Personal or FH of febrile seizure

56
Q

What are the adverse effects of VAR?

A

Injection site reaction

57
Q

What is the post-exposure prophylaxis of Varicella?

A

Acyclovir (oral)
*Varicella immunoglobulin (VariZIG) available for high risk

58
Q

What is the route of transmission of the Hep A virus?

A

Spread fecal-oral route
*via contaminated food or water

59
Q

What are the 2 Inactivated vaccines for Hep A?

A

1.HepA (Havrix)
*12 months and older
*adults receive 2 doses separated by 6 months
2. HepA (Vaqta)
*12 months and older
*adults receive 2 doses, separated by at least 6 months

60
Q

What is the combination vaccine for Hep A and hep B?

A

Twinrix
*Approved for 18yoa and older
*Three dose series

61
Q

What are the recommendations of Hep A vaccine?

A

2 dose series
*12-23 months
*2nd dose 6-18 months after initial dose

62
Q

What is the route of administration of HepA vaccine?

63
Q

What are contraindications of HepA vaccine?

A

Previous severe reactions to vaccine or component

64
Q

What are some precautions of Hep A vaccine?

A

Pregnancy
Moderate or severe illness

65
Q

What are some adverse effects of Hep A vaccine?

A

Injection site issues, headache, loss of appetite

66
Q

When is Post-exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) recommended for Hep A?

A

Household or sexual contacts with serological confirmed Hep A and day care staff and attendees in outbreak situations

67
Q

What is the recommendation for PEP (HEpA)

A

Within 2 weeks recommend vaccine, IG, or both
*A single dose of hep A vaccine, IG, or both unimmunized persons

68
Q

What is the scheduled vaccines for ages 4-6 years?

A

DTaP
Inactivated Polio (IPV)
MMR
Chickenpox (Varicella)
Influenza

69
Q

What is the scheduled vaccines for 7-10 years/

A

Influenza vaccine
HPV vaccine

70
Q

What is the scheduled vaccine for ages 11-12?

A

Tdap
HPV
Meningococcal Conjugate
Influenza

71
Q

What causes meningococcal disease?

A

Neisseria meningitides
*Five serogroups of meningococcal (A, B, C, W, and Y) cause nearly all serious disease worldwide

72
Q

Which serotype is responsible for over 60% of cases in children younger than 1

A

Serogroup B

73
Q

Which serogroup is responsible for the most amount of cases in adults older than 65?

A

Serogroup Y

74
Q

What are the two types of Meningococcal Vaccines?

A

Menactra (MenACWY-D)
*Protects against A,C, W, Y
*2 doses required for alladolescents
*11-12yoa and second dose at 16 (booster)
Menveo (MeACWY-CRM)
*Protects against A,C,W,Y
*Two doses required for all adolescents
*11-12 and second dose at 16 (booster)

75
Q

What is the recommendation for meningococcal vaccine?

A

First dose at 11 or 12 years
booster dose at age 16

*children 2mo-23 months at increased risk received 4 doses

76
Q

What is the route of administration of MCV?

77
Q

What are the contraindications of MCV?

A

Severe allergic reaction
*Diphtheria toxoid with MCV4
*Rubber latex

78
Q

What are the cautions/ Precautions with MCV?

A

PH of Guillain-Barré syndrome

79
Q

What are the adverse effects of MCV?

A

Local reactions Guillain-Barré syndrome (MCV4)

80
Q

What are the two vaccines available for MenB?

A

Bexsero (MenB-4C)
Trumenba (MeB-FHbp)
*Licensed for use at 10 years or older
*Not recommended for universal use
*shared decision making 16-23yoa not at increased risk
*High risk population should receive vaccine at 10 yo

81
Q

What are the recommendations of Serogroup B vaccines?

A

Bexsero (MenB-4C)
*administer two doses
*0, >1 month after first dose

Trumenba (MenB-HFbP)
*adminsiter two or 3 doses
* 0, 6 months to healthy adolescents not at risk
*0,1-2 months, and 6 months to high risk people

82
Q

What is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the US?

A

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

83
Q

What is the most common type of serogroup of HPV?

A

16, 18
*70% of Cervical cancer contain types 16 or 18

84
Q

When is the HPV vaccine recommended?

A

Recommended to all males and females at 11-12 years
*Catch up phase for all persons 13-26 who have not been vaccinated or completed series
*May be administered after pregnancy in patients up to 26 years

85
Q

What is the name for the HPV vaccines?

A

Gardasil 9
*only one available in the US

86
Q

What is the recommendation for HPV Vaccine?

A

<15yoa: 2 doses separated by 6-12 months
>15yoa: 3 doses 0,1-2 months after first dose, 6 months after first dose

87
Q

What is the route of administration of HPV vaccine?

88
Q

What are the contraindications of HPV vaccine?

A

Anaphylaxis
Pregnancy
Hypersensitivity to yeast

89
Q

What are the precautions of HPV vaccine?

A

Can be administered with minor illness and to immunocompromised people

90
Q

What are the adverse effects of HPV vaccine?

A

Injection site pain
Fever
Nausea
Dizziness
*patient should be observed for 15-20 minutes after vaccination

91
Q

What are the different types of Flu vaccines for older adults?

A

High dose trivalent (HD-IIV3)
*approved for >65
*Shows up error efficacy and effectiveness compared to other vaccine options
Low dose intradermal trivalent (Fluzone)
*Approved for 18-65 yoa

92
Q

If a person has no evidence of immunity to chickenpox what is the recommendation for them/

A

Should receive 2 doses of varicella vaccine 4-8 weeks apart if born 1980s or later

93
Q

What is Herpes Zoster?

A

Latent varicella-zoster
*AKA shingles

94
Q

How is herpes zoster transmitted?

A

By direct contact or aerosolization of virus from skin lesions

95
Q

What is the recommendation of Herpes Zoster Vaccine?

A

Shingrix (RSV)
*2 dose series (0,2-6 months later)
*Used in adults >50 yoa
*Shingrix preferred over Zostavax

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