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Community And Wellness > Immunization Across The Lifespan I > Flashcards

Immunization Across The Lifespan I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the best way to protect from potentially harmful diseases?

A

Vaccines

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2
Q

What are the 14 diseases vaccination protect against?

A

1.Polio
2. Tetanus
3. Flu
4. Hep B/A
5. Rubella
6. Hib
7. Measles
8. Whooping Cough
9. Pneumococcal Disease
10. Rotavirus
11. Mumps
12. Chickenpox
13. Diphtheria

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3
Q

What do vaccines contain?

A

A weakened or “dead” version of viruses r bacteria that prepare the body to fight off diseases

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4
Q

What does the immune system produce in response to the weakened version of vaccines?

A

Antibodies
*proteins produced by the body to neutralize the disease carrying organisms

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5
Q

What do the antibodies do if a person is exposed to a virus or bacteria?

A

They will identify the virus or bacteria and destroy it
*They are disease specific

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6
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

1.Active
2.Passive

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7
Q

What is active immunity?

A

A person is exposed to a disease which triggers the immune system to produce antibodies to that disease

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8
Q

What are the two types of active immunities?

A
  1. natural immunity
    *Exposed through infection with actual disease
  2. Vaccine-induced immunity
    *vaccine protects that introduces the weakened form of the disease
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9
Q

Is active immunity long-lasting or short-lasting?

A

Long-lasting

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10
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

When a person is given antibodies to a disease
*OR a baby acquires passive immunity from its mother through the placenta

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11
Q

What contain passive immunity?

A

-The placenta
-Anti-body containing blood products like immune globulin
*given when immediate protection is needed

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12
Q

How long does passive immunity last for?

A

Only a few weeks or months

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13
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

When most of the population is immunized
*The spread is prevented by the lack of available host

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14
Q

What are the different types of vaccines?

A

Live viruses
*Weakened or altered
Inactivated or killed organisms or viruses
Inactivated toxins
Subunit, recombinant, conjugate, and polysaccharide

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15
Q

What is the definition of an inactivated toxin vaccine?

A

For bacteria diseases where toxins generated by the bacteria cause illness

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16
Q

What do subunit, recombinant, conjugate, and polysaccharide vaccines use to stimulate a vaccine response?

A

They use pieces of germs (Protein, sugar, casing around the germ)

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17
Q

What are the Live attenuated virus vaccines?

A

MMR
Varicella (Chickenpox)
Influenza (LAIV: nasal spray)
Rotavirus (Oral vaccine)
Oral Polio
Zoster (Shingles)
Yellow fever

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18
Q

What are the different types of killed viruses or vaccines?

A

IM Polio
Hep A
IM Influenza
Rabies

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19
Q

What are the different types of Toxoid vaccines (Inactivated toxin)

A

Diphtheria
Tetanus

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20
Q

What is an mRNA vaccine?

A

Does not require dead or live viral parts
*Teaches the body to make a coronavirus spike protein, then antibodies form
*Covid

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21
Q

What are the different types of subunit, recombinant, conjugate, and polysaccharide vaccines?

A

Hep B
HPV
Hib
Pertussis
Pneumococcal disease
meningococcal disease
Shingles

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22
Q

What are the different routes of administration?

A

Oral
Intranasal
Subcutaneous
Intramuscular (IM)

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23
Q

What vaccines are administered orally?

A

Rotavirus

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24
Q

What vaccines are administered intranasally?

A

Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV)
*NOT for asthma patients

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25
What vaccines are administered subcutaneous?
MMR PPV IPV VAR ZOS ProQuad
26
What vaccines are administered intramuscular?
DTap Hib HepA HepB Influenza TIV MCV4 MPSV4 PPV IPV Pediarix Trihibit Comvax Twinrix Covid
27
Where do you administer a vaccine to a baby younger than 12 months/
Vastus lateralis
28
When is the vastus lateralis used as an administration site?
Subcutaneous: <12 Mo Intramuscular site: preferred in new borns and up to 2yoa
29
When is the deltoid area used for a site of injection?
Preferred site for children aged 3-18 Yao and adults
30
If someone needs two injections how much should they be separated by?
At least one inch *usually the anterolateral thigh
31
If someone needs two vaccines that are reactive how should they be administered?
On different limbs
32
What is the Vaccine Information Statements (VIS)
Requires HCP to provide parents or patients a copy before administering each vaccine
33
What are some nonpharmacolgic options for pain control in infants? (To reduce injection pain)
Oral sucrose Breastfeeding during immunization Swaddling Pacifiers
34
What are nonpharmacologic options for pain control for older adults? (To reduce injection pain)
Breathing exercise Distraction techniques
35
What are some pharmacological management for pain control in older adults? (To reduce injection pain)
Topical anesthesia applied 30 to 60 minutes before injection *prophylactic Tylenol for pain and fever after vaccination
36
If there is an adverse effect associated with vaccines who should that be reported to?
Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS)
37
What are the different type of reportable adverse events?
Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock Any sequelae of reportable events Any other serious or unusual events
38
What are the two types of allergic reactions?
1. Immediate reactions *Begin within minutes to one hour of administration 2. Delayed reactions *appear within several hours to days do administration
39
What are common immediate reactions of an allergic reaction ?
Cutaneous symptoms `*Flushing, itching, urticaria (Hives) Cardiovascular symptoms *Faintness, syncope, altered mental status, palpitations, hypotension Respiratory symptoms *Nasal discharge, nasal congestion, change in voice quality etc
40
What are delayed reactions to vaccines?
Fever and irritability are common Local skin reactions * swelling and redness at the injection site * should NOT be considered reasons for avoiding further doses of the vaccine
41
What is the most severe allergic reaction?
Anaphylaxis
42
What is anaphylaxis?
Systemic allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death *symptoms developed within 5 to 30 minutes
43
What are vasovagal reactions?
Characterized by hypotension, pallor, diaphoresis, weakness, nausea etc *Fainting is usually preceded by pallor
44
If someone has a vasovagal reaction how should future vaccinations be given?
While the patient is supine
45
What is the definition of a contraindication to administer a vaccine
A contraindication to immunization is a condition in a recipient that increases the chance of a serious adverse reaction *Do not administer vaccine
46
What are the different types of contraindications to administer a vaccine?
-Allergy to one of the vaccine components -Anaphylaxis -Serve immunocompromised *HIV, infection, leukemia, lymphoma, cancer therapy -Pregnancy (No live vaccines)
47
What is the definition of precautions to administer a vaccine?
A precaution when a recipient might have increased chance of a serious adverse reaction or compromise the ability of the vaccine to produce immunity
48
When should we not give someone a vaccine with a fever?
Low-grade fever: <101 *You can administer moderate to severe * Postpone vaccination
49
What are all of the vaccine we CANNOT give to immunodeficiency children?
No live vaccines *Oral polio *Rotavirus *MMR *VAR *Yellow fever *Live-attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) *Live bacteria vaccines -Other vaccines are safe but can fail to evoke an immune response
50
What are some ethical issues relating to vaccinations?
-Philosophical exemptions -Religious beliefs -Medical exemptions -Personal beliefs
51
What is the only vaccine given at birth?
Hep B *3 dose series
52
What is the HBV?
It’s a highly infectious virus *Transmitted through blood and blood that remain on environmental surfaces for at least seven days *Causes 80% of heptocellular carcinoma
53
What are the two recombinant Hep B vaccines?
1. Engerix-B 2. Recombivax HB *Yeast derived
54
When are the recommendations of a Hep B vaccine?
-birth - 1 to 2 months -6-18 months
55
What is the route of administration for Hep B?
IM injection
56
What are the contraindications of a Hep b vaccine?
Severe allergic reaction to yeast or any vaccine component
57
What are some caution or precautions of Hep B vaccine?
Common bakers yeast sensitivity Pregnancy/Lactation is NOT a contraindication
58
What are some adverse effects of Hep B vaccine?
Fever Pain at the injection site
59
What are the 2 month WCC vaccinations?
Hep B DTaP Hib (Haemophilus influenza type b) IPV (inactivated Polio) PCV13 (Pneumococcal conjugate) RV (rotavirus)
60
What are the different combo options of vaccines?
Pentacel *Contains diphtheria, hib, pertussis, polio, tetanus Pediarix *Contains diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hep B, polio
61
What is the minimum age for administration of rotavirus
6 weeks
62
What are the common symptoms for rotavirus?
Fever, watery diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain *Dehydration if not treated death
63
What is the incubation period of rotavirus and route of transmission?
Incubation period: 3-8 days Transmission: fecal-oral
64
What are the recommendations of RV?
-Rotateq (RV5): 2,4 and 6 months -Rotarix (RV1): 2 and 4 months
65
What is the route of administration for rotavirus?
Oral
66
What are the contraindication of Rotavirus?
-Infants with serious allergic reaction to previous dose - History of intussusception -Latex allergy -Immunodeficiency
67
What are some cautions or precautions of rotavirus?
History of GI disorder Acute GI illness GI surgery No doses recommended after 32 weeks
68
What are adverse effects of rotavirus?
Diarrhea and vomiting (RV5) Cough and runny nose (RV1) *Intussusception both, rare
69
How many series is DTaP
5 dose in infants
70
What does a capital/lower case letter mean? EX: DTaP
Capital denotes full vaccine Lower cases: half dose for booster effect
71
What is the bacterium that causes Dipheteria?
Corynebacterium Diphtheria *Acute toxin *Causes local tissue destruction and systemic disease
72
What is the route of transmission of Diphtheria?
Respiratory route
73
What are the symptoms of diphtheria?
Gray membrane on oral mucous membranes *causes a thick coating in the back of the nose and throat Toxins produce systemic complications *Myocarditis, neuritis, and death
74
What is the bacteria that causes tetanus?
gram positive rod clostridium tetani *Produces exotoxin
75
How is the transmission of spread of tetanus?
Contact with soil containing bacteria
76
What are the symptoms tetanus?
Trismus (lockjaw) *can be treated with human tetanus immune globin (TIg)
77
What causes pertussis?
Bordetella pertussis *Whopping cough
78
What is the route of transmission of pertussis?
Highly contagious *Respiratory route *Contagious from very beginning and at least 2 weeks after cough starts
79
Which age group is waning immunity the highest in?
Adolescents and young adults -Booster is needed -Tdap (1/2 dose)
80
How does pertussis evolve?
Starts as a URI *after 1-2 weeks paroxysm of cough with a “whoop” form *Symptoms can last several weeks
81
When can DTaP be given to infants/ Children?
6 weeks-6 years *used for doses 1-5 in infants and hound children
82
When is the Tdap allowed to be given to children?
People 10 an over *used as a booster every 10 years *Tetanus concerning wound at least every 5 years
83
What are the two Tdap vaccines licensed for use in the United States?
Boostrix *Single dose >10 years Adacel *10-64 years
84
When are pregnant women recommended to get Tdap?
With each pregnancy 3rd trimester *Regardless of previous receipt of Tdap
85
What are the recommendation of the 5 dose series of DTAP?
DTaP * 2,4,6,15-18 months and 4-6 years (booster)
86
What is the recommendation for Tdap?
1 dose to adolescents 11-12 y/o >19 yers of age should receive a single dose of Tdap if never received regardless of Td interval Td/Tdap: booster every 10 years
87
What is the route of administration for DTAP/ Tdap
IM
88
What are some precautions of DTaP
High fever Shock-like state within 48 hours of previous dose Seizures within 3 days of previous dose Guillian Barre syndrome
89
What are adverse effects of DTaP?
Local reactions, fever, other mild systemic effects
90
What is Guillian-Barre Syndrome?
Damaged nerve cells cause ascending paralysis *associated with influenza, DTaP, meningitis, Covid and MMR
91
What are the risk factors of HIb (Haemophilus influenza type B)
1. Daycare 2. Family member at elementary school age 3. Asplenia 4. Sickle cell disease 5. Antibody deficiency
92
What are the recommendation of Hib vaccine?
3 or 4 dose vaccine with booster at 12-15 months
93
What is the route of administration for Hib/
IM
94
What are the contraindications of HiB vaccine?
Anaphylaxis reaction following prior dose Infants <6 weeks Not recommended in kids over 5 y/o
95
What are the adverse effects of Hib vaccine?
Local site reaction, fever, pain

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