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Community And Wellness > Immunization Across The Lifespan I > Flashcards

Immunization Across The Lifespan I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the best way to protect from potentially harmful diseases?

A

Vaccines

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2
Q

What are the 14 diseases vaccination protect against?

A

1.Polio
2. Tetanus
3. Flu
4. Hep B/A
5. Rubella
6. Hib
7. Measles
8. Whooping Cough
9. Pneumococcal Disease
10. Rotavirus
11. Mumps
12. Chickenpox
13. Diphtheria

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3
Q

What do vaccines contain?

A

A weakened or “dead” version of viruses r bacteria that prepare the body to fight off diseases

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4
Q

What does the immune system produce in response to the weakened version of vaccines?

A

Antibodies
*proteins produced by the body to neutralize the disease carrying organisms

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5
Q

What do the antibodies do if a person is exposed to a virus or bacteria?

A

They will identify the virus or bacteria and destroy it
*They are disease specific

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6
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

1.Active
2.Passive

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7
Q

What is active immunity?

A

A person is exposed to a disease which triggers the immune system to produce antibodies to that disease

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8
Q

What are the two types of active immunities?

A
  1. natural immunity
    *Exposed through infection with actual disease
  2. Vaccine-induced immunity
    *vaccine protects that introduces the weakened form of the disease
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9
Q

Is active immunity long-lasting or short-lasting?

A

Long-lasting

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10
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

When a person is given antibodies to a disease
*OR a baby acquires passive immunity from its mother through the placenta

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11
Q

What contain passive immunity?

A

-The placenta
-Anti-body containing blood products like immune globulin
*given when immediate protection is needed

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12
Q

How long does passive immunity last for?

A

Only a few weeks or months

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13
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

When most of the population is immunized
*The spread is prevented by the lack of available host

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14
Q

What are the different types of vaccines?

A

Live viruses
*Weakened or altered
Inactivated or killed organisms or viruses
Inactivated toxins
Subunit, recombinant, conjugate, and polysaccharide

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15
Q

What is the definition of an inactivated toxin vaccine?

A

For bacteria diseases where toxins generated by the bacteria cause illness

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16
Q

What do subunit, recombinant, conjugate, and polysaccharide vaccines use to stimulate a vaccine response?

A

They use pieces of germs (Protein, sugar, casing around the germ)

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17
Q

What are the Live attenuated virus vaccines?

A

MMR
Varicella (Chickenpox)
Influenza (LAIV: nasal spray)
Rotavirus (Oral vaccine)
Oral Polio
Zoster (Shingles)
Yellow fever

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18
Q

What are the different types of killed viruses or vaccines?

A

IM Polio
Hep A
IM Influenza
Rabies

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19
Q

What are the different types of Toxoid vaccines (Inactivated toxin)

A

Diphtheria
Tetanus

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20
Q

What is an mRNA vaccine?

A

Does not require dead or live viral parts
*Teaches the body to make a coronavirus spike protein, then antibodies form
*Covid

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21
Q

What are the different types of subunit, recombinant, conjugate, and polysaccharide vaccines?

A

Hep B
HPV
Hib
Pertussis
Pneumococcal disease
meningococcal disease
Shingles

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22
Q

What are the different routes of administration?

A

Oral
Intranasal
Subcutaneous
Intramuscular (IM)

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23
Q

What vaccines are administered orally?

A

Rotavirus

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24
Q

What vaccines are administered intranasally?

A

Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV)
*NOT for asthma patients

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25
Q

What vaccines are administered subcutaneous?

A

MMR
PPV
IPV
VAR
ZOS ProQuad

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26
Q

What vaccines are administered intramuscular?

A

DTap
Hib
HepA
HepB
Influenza TIV
MCV4
MPSV4
PPV
IPV
Pediarix
Trihibit
Comvax
Twinrix
Covid

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27
Q

Where do you administer a vaccine to a baby younger than 12 months/

A

Vastus lateralis

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28
Q

When is the vastus lateralis used as an administration site?

A

Subcutaneous: <12 Mo
Intramuscular site: preferred in new borns and up to 2yoa

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29
Q

When is the deltoid area used for a site of injection?

A

Preferred site for children aged 3-18 Yao and adults

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30
Q

If someone needs two injections how much should they be separated by?

A

At least one inch
*usually the anterolateral thigh

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31
Q

If someone needs two vaccines that are reactive how should they be administered?

A

On different limbs

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32
Q

What is the Vaccine Information Statements (VIS)

A

Requires HCP to provide parents or patients a copy before administering each vaccine

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33
Q

What are some nonpharmacolgic options for pain control in infants? (To reduce injection pain)

A

Oral sucrose
Breastfeeding during immunization
Swaddling
Pacifiers

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34
Q

What are nonpharmacologic options for pain control for older adults? (To reduce injection pain)

A

Breathing exercise
Distraction techniques

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35
Q

What are some pharmacological management for pain control in older adults? (To reduce injection pain)

A

Topical anesthesia applied 30 to 60 minutes before injection
*prophylactic Tylenol for pain and fever after vaccination

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36
Q

If there is an adverse effect associated with vaccines who should that be reported to?

A

Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS)

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37
Q

What are the different type of reportable adverse events?

A

Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock
Any sequelae of reportable events
Any other serious or unusual events

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38
Q

What are the two types of allergic reactions?

A
  1. Immediate reactions
    *Begin within minutes to one hour of administration
  2. Delayed reactions
    *appear within several hours to days do administration
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39
Q

What are common immediate reactions of an allergic reaction ?

A

Cutaneous symptoms
`*Flushing, itching, urticaria (Hives)
Cardiovascular symptoms
*Faintness, syncope, altered mental status, palpitations, hypotension
Respiratory symptoms
*Nasal discharge, nasal congestion, change in voice quality etc

40
Q

What are delayed reactions to vaccines?

A

Fever and irritability are common
Local skin reactions
* swelling and redness at the injection site
* should NOT be considered reasons for avoiding further doses of the vaccine

41
Q

What is the most severe allergic reaction?

A

Anaphylaxis

42
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

A

Systemic allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death
*symptoms developed within 5 to 30 minutes

43
Q

What are vasovagal reactions?

A

Characterized by hypotension, pallor, diaphoresis, weakness, nausea etc
*Fainting is usually preceded by pallor

44
Q

If someone has a vasovagal reaction how should future vaccinations be given?

A

While the patient is supine

45
Q

What is the definition of a contraindication to administer a vaccine

A

A contraindication to immunization is a condition in a recipient that increases the chance of a serious adverse reaction
*Do not administer vaccine

46
Q

What are the different types of contraindications to administer a vaccine?

A

-Allergy to one of the vaccine components
-Anaphylaxis
-Serve immunocompromised
*HIV, infection, leukemia, lymphoma, cancer therapy
-Pregnancy (No live vaccines)

47
Q

What is the definition of precautions to administer a vaccine?

A

A precaution when a recipient might have increased chance of a serious adverse reaction or compromise the ability of the vaccine to produce immunity

48
Q

When should we not give someone a vaccine with a fever?

A

Low-grade fever: <101
*You can administer
moderate to severe
* Postpone vaccination

49
Q

What are all of the vaccine we CANNOT give to immunodeficiency children?

A

No live vaccines
*Oral polio
*Rotavirus
*MMR
*VAR
*Yellow fever
*Live-attenuated influenza virus (LAIV)
*Live bacteria vaccines
-Other vaccines are safe but can fail to evoke an immune response

50
Q

What are some ethical issues relating to vaccinations?

A

-Philosophical exemptions
-Religious beliefs
-Medical exemptions
-Personal beliefs

51
Q

What is the only vaccine given at birth?

A

Hep B
*3 dose series

52
Q

What is the HBV?

A

It’s a highly infectious virus
*Transmitted through blood and blood that remain on environmental surfaces for at least seven days
*Causes 80% of heptocellular carcinoma

53
Q

What are the two recombinant Hep B vaccines?

A
  1. Engerix-B
  2. Recombivax HB
    *Yeast derived
54
Q

When are the recommendations of a Hep B vaccine?

A

-birth
- 1 to 2 months
-6-18 months

55
Q

What is the route of administration for Hep B?

A

IM injection

56
Q

What are the contraindications of a Hep b vaccine?

A

Severe allergic reaction to yeast or any vaccine component

57
Q

What are some caution or precautions of Hep B vaccine?

A

Common bakers yeast sensitivity
Pregnancy/Lactation is NOT a contraindication

58
Q

What are some adverse effects of Hep B vaccine?

A

Fever
Pain at the injection site

59
Q

What are the 2 month WCC vaccinations?

A

Hep B
DTaP
Hib (Haemophilus influenza type b)
IPV (inactivated Polio)
PCV13 (Pneumococcal conjugate)
RV (rotavirus)

60
Q

What are the different combo options of vaccines?

A

Pentacel
*Contains diphtheria, hib, pertussis, polio, tetanus
Pediarix
*Contains diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hep B, polio

61
Q

What is the minimum age for administration of rotavirus

A

6 weeks

62
Q

What are the common symptoms for rotavirus?

A

Fever, watery diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain
*Dehydration if not treated death

63
Q

What is the incubation period of rotavirus and route of transmission?

A

Incubation period: 3-8 days
Transmission: fecal-oral

64
Q

What are the recommendations of RV?

A

-Rotateq (RV5): 2,4 and 6 months
-Rotarix (RV1): 2 and 4 months

65
Q

What is the route of administration for rotavirus?

A

Oral

66
Q

What are the contraindication of Rotavirus?

A

-Infants with serious allergic reaction to previous dose
- History of intussusception
-Latex allergy
-Immunodeficiency

67
Q

What are some cautions or precautions of rotavirus?

A

History of GI disorder
Acute GI illness
GI surgery
No doses recommended after 32 weeks

68
Q

What are adverse effects of rotavirus?

A

Diarrhea and vomiting (RV5)
Cough and runny nose (RV1)
*Intussusception both, rare

69
Q

How many series is DTaP

A

5 dose in infants

70
Q

What does a capital/lower case letter mean? EX: DTaP

A

Capital denotes full vaccine
Lower cases: half dose for booster effect

71
Q

What is the bacterium that causes Dipheteria?

A

Corynebacterium Diphtheria
*Acute toxin
*Causes local tissue destruction and systemic disease

72
Q

What is the route of transmission of Diphtheria?

A

Respiratory route

73
Q

What are the symptoms of diphtheria?

A

Gray membrane on oral mucous membranes
*causes a thick coating in the back of the nose and throat
Toxins produce systemic complications
*Myocarditis, neuritis, and death

74
Q

What is the bacteria that causes tetanus?

A

gram positive rod clostridium tetani
*Produces exotoxin

75
Q

How is the transmission of spread of tetanus?

A

Contact with soil containing bacteria

76
Q

What are the symptoms tetanus?

A

Trismus (lockjaw)
*can be treated with human tetanus immune globin (TIg)

77
Q

What causes pertussis?

A

Bordetella pertussis
*Whopping cough

78
Q

What is the route of transmission of pertussis?

A

Highly contagious
*Respiratory route
*Contagious from very beginning and at least 2 weeks after cough starts

79
Q

Which age group is waning immunity the highest in?

A

Adolescents and young adults
-Booster is needed
-Tdap (1/2 dose)

80
Q

How does pertussis evolve?

A

Starts as a URI
*after 1-2 weeks paroxysm of cough with a “whoop” form
*Symptoms can last several weeks

81
Q

When can DTaP be given to infants/ Children?

A

6 weeks-6 years
*used for doses 1-5 in infants and hound children

82
Q

When is the Tdap allowed to be given to children?

A

People 10 an over
*used as a booster every 10 years
*Tetanus concerning wound at least every 5 years

83
Q

What are the two Tdap vaccines licensed for use in the United States?

A

Boostrix
*Single dose >10 years
Adacel
*10-64 years

84
Q

When are pregnant women recommended to get Tdap?

A

With each pregnancy 3rd trimester
*Regardless of previous receipt of Tdap

85
Q

What are the recommendation of the 5 dose series of DTAP?

A

DTaP
* 2,4,6,15-18 months and 4-6 years (booster)

86
Q

What is the recommendation for Tdap?

A

1 dose to adolescents 11-12 y/o
>19 yers of age should receive a single dose of Tdap if never received regardless of Td interval
Td/Tdap: booster every 10 years

87
Q

What is the route of administration for DTAP/ Tdap

A

IM

88
Q

What are some precautions of DTaP

A

High fever
Shock-like state within 48 hours of previous dose
Seizures within 3 days of previous dose
Guillian Barre syndrome

89
Q

What are adverse effects of DTaP?

A

Local reactions, fever, other mild systemic effects

90
Q

What is Guillian-Barre Syndrome?

A

Damaged nerve cells cause ascending paralysis
*associated with influenza, DTaP, meningitis, Covid and MMR

91
Q

What are the risk factors of HIb (Haemophilus influenza type B)

A
  1. Daycare
  2. Family member at elementary school age
  3. Asplenia
  4. Sickle cell disease
  5. Antibody deficiency
92
Q

What are the recommendation of Hib vaccine?

A

3 or 4 dose vaccine with booster at 12-15 months

93
Q

What is the route of administration for Hib/

A

IM

94
Q

What are the contraindications of HiB vaccine?

A

Anaphylaxis reaction following prior dose
Infants <6 weeks
Not recommended in kids over 5 y/o

95
Q

What are the adverse effects of Hib vaccine?

A

Local site reaction, fever, pain

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