Immune System 3 - MT3 - Part 1 Flashcards
What are 5 types of defences in the innate system?
- Barriers
- skin, saliva, tears - Phagocytes
- macrophages - Natural killer cells
- destroys cancer cells - Inflammation
- Fever
What are 3 types of defences in the adaptive system?
- B cells
- Helper T cells
- Cytotoxic T cells
What do B cells do?
Create antibodies
What do helper T cells do?
Communicate the adaptive and the innate defence system
What are 2 things involved in communication?
- Cytokines
2. Antigen presentation
Cytokins
Are the proteins that stimulate for a response
What is a healthy immune system?
A system that can fight off infection
Is there a way to tell if your immune system is healthy or not?
Not really
- there is no measurement or observation you can make which can tell you that your immune system is function optimally, has been boosted or has been depressed
What disease can measurably suppress the immune system?
HIV
- it infects helper T cells so the T cell count is way down in patients who have AIDs
What is the exception when measuring whether the immune system is working properly?
Helper T cells
What do monocytes mature to?
Macrophages
When it comes to the immune system what is more productive way to go about it?
Specific disease compared to global questions
What are 5 suspected factors or known ways to weaken the immune system?
- Malnutrition/fetal malnutrition
- Shortage of certain minerals
- Working to much/too hard
- Diseases of cells of the immune system
- Fatigue
What type of people are more prone to infectious diseases? (3)
- People who suffer from malnutrition
- People who live in poor conditions
- People who have possible contaminated water
- none of theses are a direct connection
What 2 issues came up when researching specific micronutrients?
- Does deficiency have an effect on the immune system?
2. If someones intake is normal, does supplementation provide added strength to their immune system?
What do lots of advertisements not tell you?
The whole truth
- they tell you its necessary but not about the effects it could have somewhere else
What have low levels of selenium been associated with?
Several cancers
What does low levels of selenium result from? (2)
- Poor diet
2. Contaminated water
What foods can you get selenium from? (8)
- Mushrooms
- Garlic
- Egg
- Broccoli
- Asparagus
- Salmon
- Spinach
- Oats
What is the recommended dosage of selenium?
55ug
- typically we get enough from the food we eat
What are low levels of vitamin A associated with?
High risk of infectious diseases
What is more common for low levels: selenium or vitamin A?
Vitamin A
What is vitamin A involved with? (2)
- Vision
2. Directly with the immune system (T cell differentiation)
Whats another word for riboflavin?
Vitamin B2
Riboflavin
Confers some resistance to infectious diseases in mice
- need electron transport
What happens when mice have a reduced intake of riboflavin?
They see a reduction in macrophages
What foods contains riboflavin? (5)
- Eggs
- Lean meats
- Milk
- Green vegetables
- Grains
What does a deficiency of vitamin B6 do?
Impair the development and differentiation of B cells and T cells from stem cells
What does a deficiency in vitamin C do?
Effect on the immune system is unknown
What are cells typically packed with?
Vitamin C
- its needed for normal function
What does vitamin C prevent?
The common cold
- just an idea (no actual proof)
Linus Pauling (3)
- Wrote a textbook
- United chemistry with quantum mechanics
- One of the first to study Hb
What is vitamin D known to be involved with?
Fighting mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Is a disease caused by a bacteria called TB. The bacteria usually attacks the lungs, but they can also damage other parts of the body
How does TB spread?
Through the air when a person with TB of the lungs or throat, coughs, sneezes or talks
What does TB make you more prone to get? (2)
- HIV
2. Flu
Why is the flu more common in the winter?
Because the bacteria doesnt get as much sunlight
What does enhancement of vitamin E do?
Supplementation enhanced that antibody response to some vaccinations, but not to others
Antioxidants
A substance that removes potentially damaging oxidizing agents in a living organism
What does a deficiency in zinc affect?
Affects the functioning of lymphocytes
