Immune System 2 - MT3

Question 1

What do Jehovah’s witnesses object to?

Answer 1

Blood transfusions (even if it can save your life)
- on the basis of Biblical verses which seem to forbid the ingestion of blood

Question 2

What can Jehovah witnesses do?

Answer 2

Eat meat

Question 3

What does the Jehovahs bracelet do?

Answer 3

It allows people to know that they are a Jehovah’s witness when they are unconscious and they they will not receive any blood transfusions

Question 4

What is the ancient sacredness of blood?

Answer 4

The idea that life of a being resides in its blood

Question 5

What 3 meanings can blood have?

Answer 5

1. Spiritual
2. Scientific
3. Artistic

Question 6

What is the rule in Canada in terms of transfusing blood to save a life?

Answer 6

The medical staff can overrule a parent with or without a court order approval in the case of an emergency

• children cannot refuse but adults can
• case by case assessment

Question 7

What is a possible solution to accommodate concerns about blood transfusions?

Answer 7

Bloodless surgery

Question 8

Bloodless surgery

Answer 8

Surgery that does not involve transfusions of other peoples blood to replace lost blood during surgery

Question 9

What is an example of a bloodless surgery?

Answer 9

A 6 year old boy received a heart transplant in a bloodless surgery

Question 10

What are 2 the risks associated with blood?

Answer 10

1. Infection

2. Inflammation

Question 11

What are 4 advantages to bloodless surgery over a regular surgery that would normally required transfusions?

Answer 11

1. Decrease in infection
2. Decrease in inflammation
3. Less blood clumping
4. Less strokes

Question 12

What is biomedical research mostly done on?

Answer 12

Animal models

Question 13

What are the 2 most common animals for testing?

Answer 13

1. Rats

2. Mice

Question 14

What are 3 advantages to using animal models?

Answer 14

1. Cheap
2. Dont require many resources
3. Fast process (short life time = few years)

Question 15

What are 2 disadvantages to using animal models?

Answer 15

1. Is it really relative to people because you are working on mice
2. Streetlight effect

Question 16

Streetlight effect

Answer 16

Is a type of observational bias that occurs when people only search for something where it is easiest to look

Question 17

What have recent studies shown about mice? And how does this change past research?

Answer 17

1. Studies now show that mice are more scared of men compared to women
2. Could have ruined past research because they felt like they needed to defend their area
   - men stressed them out and potentially made them do things that wouldnt normally happen

Question 18

What does much biomedical research focus on?

Answer 18

A surrogate outcome

Question 19

Surrogate outcome

Answer 19

Is a measurable outcome that is not a clinical outcome, but that might correlate with a clinical outcome

Question 20

What are 2 advantages to using surrogate outcomes?

Answer 20

1. Cost

2. Time

Question 21

What are 2 disadvantages of using surrogate outcomes?

Answer 21

1. It doesnt show long term effects

2. Streetlight effect

Question 22

Epidemiology

Answer 22

Studies of causes and spread of diseases and how to cure them

Question 23

What are 4 examples of epidemiology case studies?

Answer 23

1. Zika virus
2. John Snow with the cholera outbreak
   - spread through contaminated water
3. Legionnaires disease
4. Early stages of aids

Question 24

Case studies

Answer 24

Is the first draft of medical research

• talk about cases that no one can diagnose
• they talk about what each one of them knows
• no control group
• cheap

Question 25

Case control studies (retrospective studies)

Answer 25

Try to find out the things they have in common in their past

• uses a control
• compare 2 groups
• more expensive than case studies

Question 26

Cohort studies (prospective studies)

Answer 26

Experimenter will manipulate a variable and have 2 groups similar in age, gender, weight etc to compare

• most expensive
• longest term
• most informative