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Bio 351 - Biology Behind the News > Chemistry of Life 1 - MT1 - Part 3 > Flashcards

Chemistry of Life 1 - MT1 - Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are most lipid molecules made up of?

A

Hydrocarbons

- C and H atoms

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2
Q

What do lipids not like?

A

Water

- not soluble in water

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3
Q

What are 4 types of lipids?

A
  1. Fatty acids
  2. Triglycerides
  3. Phospholipids
  4. Sterols
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4
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Components of larger lipid molecules

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5
Q

What do fatty acids contain/require?

A
  • Contains O2

- Requires a negative charge

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6
Q

Are fatty acids branched on unbranched?

A

Unbranched

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7
Q

What are triglycerides used for? (2)

A
  1. Energy source

2. Storgage

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8
Q

What are triglycerides build from?

A

Fatty acids

- 3 fatty acid chains

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9
Q

Unsaturated triglycerides with example

A

Contains kinks in their tails so they do not pack well together nicely resulting in a more liquid like substance at room temp
- eg) Oils

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10
Q

Saturated triglycerides

A

Does not contain kinks so they pack well together nicely resulting in a more solid like from at room temp

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11
Q

What happens if you put random phospholipids in water?

A

They will form spontaneously so that the tails are in the middle (away from the water) and the heads are on the outside (facing water)

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12
Q

What 2 things are sterols good for?

A
  1. Chemical signalling

2. Membrane stabilization

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13
Q

What are 3 examples of sterols?

A
  1. Cholesterol
  2. Estradiol
  3. Testosterone
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14
Q

Hormone

A

A regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids

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15
Q

What makes up proteins?

A

Polymers of amino acids

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16
Q

What are 5 functions of proteins?

A
  1. Catalysis of biochemical reactions
  2. Structure and movement
  3. Transport of materials across membrane
  4. Transmission of signals
  5. Defense
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17
Q

What do catalysis do?

A

They are enzymes that speed up the process of breaking chemical bonds of a large molecule

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18
Q

What are the 3 steps for a catalysis?

A
  1. Substance binds to the active site of a specific molecule
  2. The active site of the enzyme changes shape
  3. Enzyme releases the resulting products and the enzyme is ready to be used again
    - it gets regenerated to its original form
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19
Q

What are 2 examples of structure and movement?

A
  1. Cytoskeleton
    - microtubules interacting with actin
  2. Extracellular matrix
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20
Q

What do proteins provide for movement?

A

Channels to transport specific substances across the membrane

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21
Q

What is an example of transmission of signal?

22
Q

Insulin

A

It is a signal from the pancreas that instructs cells to take up more glucose from the bloodstream

23
Q

What is an example of a defense molecule?

A

Antibodies

24
Q

Antibody

A

Is a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen
- help to recognize foreign substances in the body

25
Q

Hemoglobin (8)

A
  1. Model molecule
  2. Readily available
  3. Found in RBC
  4. 2 alpha 2 beta subunits
  5. Transports O2
  6. Can change its shape (not static)
  7. Binds O2 to heme group
  8. Binding of one O2 changes the interaction around the whole molecule (not just that region)
26
Q

What make up nucleic acids?

A

Polymers of nucleotides

27
Q

DNA

A

Made up of 2 stands, twisted into a helix form

28
Q

What are the 4 subunits of DNA?

A 
T = Thymine
A = Adenine
C = Cytosine
G = Guanine
29
Q

What varies in DNA and what stays the same?

A
  • The nucleotides (subunits) vary
  • The backbone stays the same
  • -> P group attached to a sugar
30
Q

RNA

A

Single strand of nucleotides

31
Q

What 3 things are DNA/RNA critical for?

A
  1. Storage
  2. Transmission
  3. Execution of genetic instructions
32
Q

What are 3 functions of nucleic acids?

A
  1. Information storage and retrieval
  2. Energy currency and transfer (ATP)
  3. Electron currency and transfer (NAD+/NADH)
33
Q

Energy from catabolism

A

Exergonic –> energy releasing processes

34
Q

Energy for cellular work

A

Endergonic –> energy consuming processes

35
Q

What do NAD/NADH do?

A

They are electron carriers

36
Q

What are 3 structures/properties of nucleic acids?

A
  1. DNA is a double stranded helix
  2. Associated by complementary base pairing
  3. DNA double helix can unwind
37
Q

What is held together the same way as DNA?

38
Q

What is the most significant feature of DNA structure?

A

The association though complementary base pairing

39
Q

What are the complementary base pairs held together by?

A

Weak H bonds

40
Q

What shape is a low conformation (low energy) form of the molecule?

A

Helical shape of DNA

41
Q

What does G bind to?

42
Q

What does A bind to?

43
Q

What happens to DNA strand when heat is added?

A

It gets denatured and unwinds

44
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Exterior surface of the cell

45
Q

Glycolipids

A

Lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic bond

46
Q

What do glycolipids do?

A

Maintains stability of the cell

47
Q

What are 2 examples of non-covalent associations of biomolecules?

A
  1. Chromatin

2. Ribosomes

48
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA and proteins

- chromosomes are made up of chromatids

49
Q

Co-factors

A

A substance who’s presence is essential for activity of enzymes

50
Q

Vitamins

A

Essential for normal growth and nutrition

51
Q

Mineral ions

A

Small ions needed for processes in our body

52
Q

What are 4 examples of mineral ions?

A
  1. Na
  2. K
  3. Cl
  4. Fe

Bio 351 - Biology Behind the News (30 decks)

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