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Bio 351 - Biology Behind the News > Biofuels - MT2 - Part 2 > Flashcards

Biofuels - MT2 - Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 2 problems with sources of renewable energy?

A
  1. Forms of renewable energy suffer from the problem of low energy density
    - energy power is very dispersed
  2. Renewable energy can be too expensive to elicit much market interest
    - depends on the price of fossil fuels (coal and oil)
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2
Q

Externalities

A

Are cost or benefits from an economic transaction that accrue to parties not involved in the transaction

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3
Q

What is the mother of all externalities

A

GHG

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4
Q

What does photosynthesis use as a source of electrons?

A

H2O

- active participant

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5
Q

What does photosynthesis do?

A

It fixes CO2 as organic carbon by incorporating it into the biosphere

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6
Q

Organic

A

Is carbon with carbon carbon and carbon hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

What 4 things do plants need for photosynthesis?

A
  1. Light
    - sunlight or artificial
    - green light gets reflected off
  2. Water
    - water splitting enzymes
  3. CO2
    - dont need vitamins
  4. Minerals
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8
Q

What are 2 types of minerals needed for photosynthesis?

A
  1. Mg
    - but only a little
  2. Chlorophyll
    - mainly hydrocarbon with a little O2 and a Mg atom in the centre ring
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9
Q

What happens in the 1st stage of photosynthesis?

A

Light is used to create 2 high energy but unstable molecules

  • absorption of light
  • the use of that energy in making storable chemical energy
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10
Q

What 2 high energy but unstable molecules are created in the 1st stage of photosynthesis?

A
  1. ATP

2. NADPH

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11
Q

What happens in the 2nd stage of photosynthesis?

A

ATP and NADPH are used to force H atoms onto CO2, producing a small sugar

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12
Q

What % is energy conservation efficiency of photosynthesis?

A

5%

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13
Q

What does respiration do?

A

Returns CO2 back to the atmosphere

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14
Q

Raw biomass

A

Is any material from organisms that is burned for energy without extensive processing

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15
Q

What are the 2 main molecule material that get burned?

A
  1. Cellulose

2. Lignin

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16
Q

Cellulose

A

An insoluble substance that is the main constituent of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibres such as cotton
- it is a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers

17
Q

Lignin

A

A complex organic polymer deposited in the cell walls of many plants, making them rigid and woody

18
Q

Where are cellulose and lignin found?

A

In plant cell walls

19
Q

What are 4 sources of biomass?

A
  1. Wood
  2. Peat bogs
  3. Pellet stone
  4. Product of pyrolysis
    - the thermal decomposition if organic material in the absence of O2
20
Q

What is a key ingredient for the future?

A

Char

- gets left behind after the burning

21
Q

What happens if you put char in the soil?

A

It lasts a very long time

- good way of transforming C from the atmosphere to the soil

22
Q

What are 5 advantages to burning raw biomass?

A
  1. Minimal process required
  2. Easy to do
  3. Lots of fuel is previous garbage (recycle)
  4. Fuel is essentially free
  5. Recycle material in the biosphere
23
Q

What are 4 limitations of using raw biomass?

A
  1. Burning biomass you get CO2 but combustion us not entirely efficient
    - produces other toxic effects
  2. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are always produced when burning biomass
  3. Burnt material can be a carcinogen
  4. Growing trees just to burn them down
    - questionable use in climate change
24
Q

What is alcohol?

A

It is an organic molecule that has a hydroxyl group (OH) attached onto it

25
Q

What are 2 examples of alcohol?

A
  1. EthanOL

2. MethanOL

26
Q

What do you need in order to get alcohol from crops?

A

Stock

- corn starch and sugarcane

27
Q

What process is interested in the process of getting alcohol fuels from crops?

A

Fermentation

- this happens only with no O2 is present

28
Q

What happens if the process has access no O2?

A

Glucose is broken donw to glucose and water

29
Q

Fermentation

A

Burn glucose for energy

- no O2 is present

30
Q

What does fermentation produce?

A

Lactic acid

31
Q

What helps in the fermentation process to produce ethanol?

A

Budding yeast

32
Q

What do flowers mature into?

A

Fruits

- a structure that contains seeds

33
Q

What are 2 problems with biofuels from crops?

A
  1. Food can become expensive

2. Production of bioethanol produced a bunch of GHG’s

Bio 351 - Biology Behind the News (30 decks)

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