Concussion and Sport - MT3 - Part 1 Flashcards
Cochrane
A blog that complies a whole bunch of information on the same topic. And then they have error bars between other journals
- this gives you real information
What do reporters use celebrity’s for?
As a way to get the audience to read the story but then will hit you with real scientific facts
How do hippocrates describe concussions?
A concussion of the brain is a result of a blow to the head, leading to a loss of speech, hearing and sight
How does Rhazes describe concussions?
A cerebral concussion has a transient loss of function with no physical change
Transient
Gets better
How does De Carpi describe concussions?
Brain commotion was the bruising of the soft tissue of the brain as it hit the harder inner surface of the skull
What did De Carpi discover?
That there is a space between the brain and the skull
How did De Carpi discover his information about concussions?
He dissected many cadavers
What paper did Harrison Martland write?
Punch Drunk
What did punch drunk suggest?
That the mental and behaviour problems that develop in boxers were the result of multiple concussions
- however, he had not done any autopsies of boxers brains and could not relate their problems to any demonstrable physical deterioration of the brain
What were prime patients for Martland?
Boxers with not a lot of skill
- so they got a lot of hits
What did Corsellis do?
He confirmed Martlands hypothesis
What paper did Corsellis write?
The Aftermath of Boxing
How did Corsellis confirm Martlands hypothesis?
He dissected the brains of 15 dead boxers, found visible damage (swelling, atrophy and irregular folds) and related the damage to the boxers careers and to their behavioural and medical problems before death
What term did Corsellis create?
Dementia pugilistica
What did Bennet Omalu do?
He first described and named chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), from his study of the brains of decrease NFL players
- this term now replaced dementia pugilistica and punch drunk
Mike Webster
Suffered many concussions in his football career and developed bizarre behaviour
- Omalu looked more into it
What is a concussion sometimes called?
Mild traumatic brain injury
Concussion
An injury to the brain that results in the immediate and temporary impairment of brain function
What causes concussions? (2)
- Blows that cause the brain to impact the inside of the skull
- Rotational blows that twist the neck and head
- head doesnt have to be hit to get a concussion, a sudden stop can cause potential damage
What are 6 symptoms to getting a concussion?
- Nausea
- Trouble sleeping
- Mood swings
- Head aches
- Trouble focusing
- Sensitive to the light
What are 3 damages caused by concussions?
- Stretching and searing axons
- causes leakage of ions across the membrane - Damage to the blood brain barrier and the release of the brain protein S100B into the blood
- Reduced blood flow to the brain
Axons
Effective passage of ions across the membrane
Maintaining what is essential for function?
Orderly movement of ions across the membrane
Action potential
The change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell
What do tau proteins cause?
Tangles caused by damage
Microtubules
A microscopic tubular structure present in numbers in the cytoplasm of cells, sometimes aggregating to form more complex structures
What get modified in concussions?
Microtubules
What can changing of microtubules be linked to?
Dementia
Blood brain barrier
A filtering mechanism of capillaries that carry blood to the brain and spinal cord tissue, blocking the passage of certain substances
What happens if the barrier is disrupted?
It can leak contents
Pericytes
They are contractile cells that wrap around the endothelial cells that line the capillaries and venules throughout the body
- in the brain, they help sustain the blood–brain barrier as well as several other homeostatic and hemostatic functions of the brain
Astrocytes
A star-shaped glial cell of the central nervous system
UCHL1
Stays in the blood for a couple days
GFAP
Stays in the blood for about a week
