Immune system 1 - MT2 - Part 2

Question 1

What do tears contain?

Answer 1

A defensive enzyme

Question 2

What is an example of the innate system?

Answer 2

Phagocytes

- macrophages

Question 3

What are phagocytes?

Answer 3

They are cell eaters, they enter tissues from the blood and eat invaders and assorted debris

Question 4

What can phagocytes do? (2)

Answer 4

1. Recognize enemies by direct interaction with molecules produced on the surface of the target
2. Recognize a potential target by interaction with a label attached to the target by the hosts immune system
   - opsonization

Question 5

What can act as opsonins?

Answer 5

Antibodies

Question 6

Opsonization

Answer 6

Is the process by which the pathogen is marked for ingestion and eliminated by the phagocytes

Question 7

What happens to antibodies once they are bound?

Answer 7

They change shape so the macrophages known to come and degrade the substance

Question 8

How do phagocytes mainly kill the target cell?

Answer 8

Through the process of phagocytosis

Question 9

Phagocytosis

Answer 9

A phagosome carries the target into the phagocyte and fuses with a lysosome

Question 10

Lysosome

Answer 10

An organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane

Question 11

What can active phagocytes do?

Answer 11

Can signal and recruit other defences to help

Question 12

How do macrophages help?

Answer 12

They can divide when needed so they can have more to help fight the infection

Question 13

What do natural killer cells attack? (2)

Answer 13

1. Cancerous cells

2. Cells infected with a viruses

Question 14

Inflammatory response

Answer 14

Is a response to tissue damage, either internal or external that mainly handles bacterial infections

Question 15

What are 3 possible inflammatory response side effects?

Answer 15

1. Pain
2. Redness
3. Swelling

Question 16

What does the body do when you have an infection?

Answer 16

The body’s thermostat is reset upwards after infection in order to inhibit growth of the pathogen and speeds up the action of defensive cells

Question 17

What part of the body regulates body temperature?

Answer 17

Hypothalamus

Question 18

Why do you need to have a balance in your body temperature?

Answer 18

If its too hot or cold you organs will begin to fail

- need homeostasis

Question 19

What are 4 properties of the adaptive defensive system?

Answer 19

1. Specificity
   - each defensive molecule (antibody) interacts with a specific part of a target molecule (antigen)
2. Diversity
   - the system as a whole interacts with many different antigens
3. Self/non-self recognition
   - the system can distinguish between foreign (non self) and domestic (self) molecules
4. Memory
   - the system recalls antigens it has seen in the past so it can react sooner to fight the infection

Question 20

Why do we vaccines?

Answer 20

To introduce antibodies to our immune system so they can recognize the infection and be able to build up a defence against it sooner

Question 21

Antibody

Answer 21

Is an individual molecule

- part of the adaptive immune system

Question 22

Immunoglobulin (Ib) class

Answer 22

A set of similar antibodies

Question 23

What properties do antibodies manifest? (2)

Answer 23

1. Specificity

2. Diversity

Question 24

What are 2 regions of an antibody molecule?

Answer 24

1. Variable region
   - different in each antibody
2. Constant region
   - the same in each Ig class, but differ if something is bound to it

Question 25

Epitope

Answer 25

Is the part of the antigenic molecule that binds the antibody

Question 26

Where is the epitope featured?

Answer 26

On the surface of an antigen

Question 27

Antigen

Answer 27

A toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies

Question 28

What does the binding of an epitope to an antigen initiate?

Answer 28

A widen defence response

Question 29

What substance can be perceived as antigenic by our immune system?

Answer 29

Most antigens are proteins or glycoproteins

- can also have glycoproteins and polysaccharides

Question 30

How are millions of different antibodies generated?

Answer 30

They are generated by editing the genes during the development of B cells

Question 31

What do B cells produce?

Answer 31

Antibodies

Question 32

What type of genes are randomly and independently mutated in each developing B cell?

Answer 32

Ig gene

Question 33

T cell receptor

Answer 33

Are glycoproteins located at the surface of T cell

Question 34

What do T cell receptors do? (2)

Answer 34

1. They manifest specificity and diversity

2. They bind to antigens

Question 35

How is the T cell receptor diversity generated?

Answer 35

By gene rearrangements