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Bio 351 - Biology Behind the News > Immune system 1 - MT2 - Part 1 > Flashcards

Immune system 1 - MT2 - Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How can cells communicate with each other? (3)

A
  1. Direct interaction
  2. Diffusible chemical communication
  3. Electrical signals
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2
Q

Why does our body need to communicate?

A

In order to function properly

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3
Q

What is an example of direct interaction communication?

A

Communication between an egg and a sperm cell during fertilization
- bumping into each other and recognizing them before docking and allowing fertilization to occur

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4
Q

What happens in diffusible chemical communication?

A

Allows binding of a ligand to a receptor

- could create downstream signalling cascade

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5
Q

What are 2 examples of diffusible chemicals?

A
  1. Neurotransmitters (small)

2. Insulin (larger)

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6
Q

Where does insulin come from?

A

Islet cells in the pancreas

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7
Q

What does insulin do?

A

It causes other cells in the body to take up glucose from the blood

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8
Q

What is an example of electrical signalling?

A

Cells in the heart passing electric current between them during a contraction cycle
- can pass electric signals onto neighbouring cells

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9
Q

What does the SA node do in the heart?

A

It initiates muscular contraction

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10
Q

What speed does electrical signalling occur at?

A

Occurs very rapidly

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11
Q

Pathogens

A

Number of individual components that communicate with each other that make up the defence that we have today

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12
Q

What can cause infection, but is rare because our body is good at responding?

A

Bacteria

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13
Q

What is smaller than bacteria?

A

Visruses

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14
Q

What does a virus need to survive?

A

A host

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15
Q

What do viruses not contain that bacteria does?

A

Ribosomes

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16
Q

What is one difference between viruses and bacteria?

A 
Viruses = multicellular 
Bacteria = unicellular
17
Q

What are 2 examples of fungi?

A
  1. Athletes foot

2. Yeast infection

18
Q

Why are we typically not scared of fungi?

A

Because we can hand it easily

19
Q

What kind of cells are protozoa’s?

A

Eukaryotic cells

20
Q

What do protozoa’s contain?

A

A nucleus

21
Q

What are protozoa’s more closely related to other than bacteria?

A

Humans

22
Q

Abnormal cells/tumour cells

A

Are cells that continue to divide

23
Q

What do abnormal cells produce?

A

Surface markers that our immune system cells cant recognize

24
Q

Why do we have fingers?

A

Because before birth apoptosis occurs to separate the fingers
- similar things occurs in tadpoles

25
Q

How long do RBC last?

A

3-4 months

26
Q

What happens to RBC after they die?

A

They get recycled

27
Q

Where do RBC get recycle? (2)

A
  1. Mainly in the spleen

2. But also in the liver

28
Q

What 3 things can be handled by different branches in our defence system?

A
  1. Pathogens
  2. Abnormal cells
  3. Dead/damaged cells
29
Q

What are 2 examples of nonpathogenic foreign substances?

A
  1. Pollen
  2. Transplanted tissues and organs
    - we can tell the difference between our tissues and someone else’s
30
Q

What are 2 types of defences?

A
  1. Innate

2. Adaptive

31
Q

Innate (3)

A
  1. They are not keyed to individual pathogens
  2. They do not adapt to specific pathogens
  3. There is no clonal selection
32
Q

What does the innate system act as?

A

A barrier

- eg. skin

33
Q

Innate defence

A

Non specific defence mechanism that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigens appearance in the body

34
Q

Clonal selection

A

It is a specific theory in immunology that explains the functions of cells (lymphocytes) of the immune system in response to specific antigens invading the body

35
Q

Adaptive (3)

A
  1. They are keyed to individual pathogens
  2. They adapt to specific pathogens
  3. There is clonal selection
36
Q

What does the adaptive system act like?

A

A castle wall

- fixed wall but the canons can move to where it is needed

37
Q

What are 2 examples of the adaptive immune system?

A
  1. Antibodies

2. Cytotoxic T cells

Bio 351 - Biology Behind the News (30 decks)

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