Immune system 1 - MT2 - Part 4

Question 1

Why is the secondary response faster and greater than a primary response?

Answer 1

Because your system remembers and is already prepared because its already seen it

Question 2

How are memory cells produced?

Answer 2

By first exposure

Question 3

What are 2 types of immunological cells?

Answer 3

1. Memory cells

2. Clonal selection

Question 4

When does somatic hypermutation occur?

Answer 4

During the proliferation of the memory cells

- as cells are dividing somatic hypermutation, a lot of mutations are occurring

Question 5

Passive immunity

Answer 5

Antibodies are supplied directly from the outside

- its not a stimulation of the immune system, its a direct supply of the antibodies

Question 6

How are antibodies useful in a lab?

Answer 6

The specificity of the antibodies’ interaction with antigens make then them useful in the the lab for the detection of specific molecules
- eg) proteins

Question 7

What do polyclonal antibodies have?

Answer 7

Different epitopic specifications

Question 8

What do polyclonal antibodies bind to?

Answer 8

To different epitopes of the same antigen

Question 9

What do monoclonal antibodies have?

Answer 9

All have the same epitope specificity

Question 10

What do monoclonal antibodies bind to?

Answer 10

To one epitope only

Question 11

What are the A and B antigens on RBCs?

Answer 11

Oligosaccharide chains attached to glycolipids and glycoproteins

Question 12

What is special about type A blood?

Answer 12

It has GlcNAc

Question 13

What is special about type B blood?

Answer 13

It has gal

Question 14

What is special about type O blood?

Answer 14

It has neither GlcNAc or gal

Question 15

Type A blood (3)

Answer 15

1. Has A antigens
2. Produces anti-B antibodies
3. Will react to type B blood

Question 16

Type B blood (3)

Answer 16

1. Has B antigens
2. Produces anti-A antibodies
3. Will react to type A blood

Question 17

Type AB blood (3)

Answer 17

1. Has A and B antigens
2. Produces no anti-A and anti-B antibodies
3. Can receive any transfused blood

Question 18

Type O blood (3)

Answer 18

1. Has no antigens
2. Produces anti-A and anti-B antibodies
3. Can receive only type O blood, but can be transfused to any type blood

Question 19

What are the consequences of the transfusion of incomplete blood? (2)

Answer 19

1. All the antibodies in the receiving blood will cause agglutination
2. Produces pores and the contents leaks out and can cause problems

Question 20

Agglutination

Answer 20

Blockage of capillaries

Question 21

What are 3 problems that occur with surgery?

Answer 21

1. Pain
2. Blood loss
3. Infection

Question 22

How was pain from surgery solved?

Answer 22

Anesthetics

Question 23

How was blood loss from surgery solved?

Answer 23

Blood type/transfusions

Question 24

How was infection from surgery solved?

Answer 24

Sterile techniques