Immune system 1 - MT2 - Part 4 Flashcards
Why is the secondary response faster and greater than a primary response?
Because your system remembers and is already prepared because its already seen it
How are memory cells produced?
By first exposure
What are 2 types of immunological cells?
- Memory cells
2. Clonal selection
When does somatic hypermutation occur?
During the proliferation of the memory cells
- as cells are dividing somatic hypermutation, a lot of mutations are occurring
Passive immunity
Antibodies are supplied directly from the outside
- its not a stimulation of the immune system, its a direct supply of the antibodies
How are antibodies useful in a lab?
The specificity of the antibodies’ interaction with antigens make then them useful in the the lab for the detection of specific molecules
- eg) proteins
What do polyclonal antibodies have?
Different epitopic specifications
What do polyclonal antibodies bind to?
To different epitopes of the same antigen
What do monoclonal antibodies have?
All have the same epitope specificity
What do monoclonal antibodies bind to?
To one epitope only
What are the A and B antigens on RBCs?
Oligosaccharide chains attached to glycolipids and glycoproteins
What is special about type A blood?
It has GlcNAc
What is special about type B blood?
It has gal
What is special about type O blood?
It has neither GlcNAc or gal
Type A blood (3)
- Has A antigens
- Produces anti-B antibodies
- Will react to type B blood
Type B blood (3)
- Has B antigens
- Produces anti-A antibodies
- Will react to type A blood
Type AB blood (3)
- Has A and B antigens
- Produces no anti-A and anti-B antibodies
- Can receive any transfused blood
Type O blood (3)
- Has no antigens
- Produces anti-A and anti-B antibodies
- Can receive only type O blood, but can be transfused to any type blood
What are the consequences of the transfusion of incomplete blood? (2)
- All the antibodies in the receiving blood will cause agglutination
- Produces pores and the contents leaks out and can cause problems
Agglutination
Blockage of capillaries
What are 3 problems that occur with surgery?
- Pain
- Blood loss
- Infection
How was pain from surgery solved?
Anesthetics
How was blood loss from surgery solved?
Blood type/transfusions
How was infection from surgery solved?
Sterile techniques
